{"id":107153,"date":"2021-03-31T13:18:32","date_gmt":"2021-03-31T11:18:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/?p=107153"},"modified":"2021-06-10T15:24:17","modified_gmt":"2021-06-10T13:24:17","slug":"minuly-cas-nemcina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/minuly-cas-nemcina\/","title":{"rendered":"Minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#1\"> Rozd\u011blen\u00ed minul\u00fdch \u010das\u016f v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b a jejich funkce<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#2\"> Pr\u00e9teritum (Pr\u00e4teritum)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#3\"> Perfektum (Perfekt)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#4\"> Plusquamperfektum (Plusquamperfekt)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#5\"> Cvi\u010den\u00ed na z\u00e1v\u011br<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 21px;\">V \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edte v\u0161e, co je pro v\u00e1s o minul\u00e9m \u010dasu v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt. Vysv\u011btl\u00edme si rozd\u00edl mezi pr\u00e9teritem a perfektem. N\u00e1zorn\u011b si uk\u00e1\u017eeme na jednoduch\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkladech, jak se tvo\u0159\u00ed. D\u00edky \u010dasov\u00e9 ose lehce pochop\u00edte, jak je pou\u017e\u00edvat. Pot\u00e9 se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na zoubek tolik ob\u00e1van\u00e9mu plusquamperfektu a nakonec dostanete p\u00e1r u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch rad, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1m minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b ur\u010dit\u011b usnadn\u00ed.<br \/>\nNa z\u00e1v\u011br nesm\u00ed chyb\u011bt kr\u00e1tk\u00fd test na procvi\u010den\u00ed minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu.<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;1&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>1. Rozd\u011blen\u00ed minul\u00fdch \u010das\u016f v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b a jejich funkce<\/h3>\n<p>Na \u00favod v\u00e1m d\u00e1me \u00fakol. Zkuste si vybavit nejhez\u010d\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitek z minul\u00e9 dovolen\u00e9 nebo pr\u00e1zdnin. Te\u010f ho v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b popi\u0161te ostatn\u00edm. Jste si jisti, jak\u00fd gramatick\u00fd \u010das p\u0159i vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt?<\/p>\n<p>Nab\u00edz\u00ed se jednoduch\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f. <b>Minul\u00fd \u010das<\/b>. Spr\u00e1vn\u011b, ale kter\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das m\u00e1te na mysli? N\u011bm\u010dina vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed minulosti rovnou t\u0159i minul\u00e9 \u010dasy. Jsou to <b>pr\u00e9teritum (das Pr\u00e4teritum), perfektum (das Perfekt) a plusquamperfektum (das Plusquamperfekt)<\/b>. Jak\u00e9 jsou mezi nimi rozd\u00edly a kdy je m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt, to se dozv\u00edte pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f.<\/p>\n<p>Nejd\u0159\u00edve v\u00e1m v jednoduch\u00e9m p\u0159ehledu vysv\u011btl\u00edme, co jednotliv\u00e9 pojmy znamenaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><b>Pr\u00e9teritum (Pr\u00e4teritum)<\/b> je minul\u00fd \u010das jednoduch\u00fd, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z jednoho tvaru slovesa, vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho minulost.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Am Wochenende <span style=\"color: red;\">war<\/span> ich im Gebirge. (O v\u00edkendu jsem byl na hor\u00e1ch.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Er <span style=\"color: red;\">ging<\/span> mit seinen Freunden zur Schule. (Chodil do \u0161koly se sv\u00fdmi kamar\u00e1dy.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Perfektum (Perfekt)<\/b> je minul\u00fd \u010das slo\u017een\u00fd, kter\u00fd se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze dvou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st tvo\u0159\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fd tvar pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa v p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase a druhou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je tzv. p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9 plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho slovesa.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Was <span style=\"color: red;\">hast<\/span> du <span style=\"color: red;\">gesagt<\/span>? (Co jsi \u0159\u00edkal?)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">bin<\/span> heute morgen sp\u00e4t <span style=\"color: red;\">aufgestanden<\/span>. (Dnes r\u00e1no jsem vstal pozd\u011b.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Plusquamperfektum (Plusquamperfekt)<\/b> nebo-li \u010das p\u0159edminul\u00fd je sp\u00ed\u0161e okrajovou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di vyskytuje z\u0159\u00eddka. Jde stejn\u011b jako u perfekta o \u010das slo\u017een\u00fd. Op\u011bt se tvo\u0159\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdm tvarem pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa, tentokr\u00e1t ale v pr\u00e9teritu. K n\u011bmu pak p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1te p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9 plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho slovesa.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Als <span style=\"color: red;\">ich<\/span> gefr\u00fchst\u00fcckt <span style=\"color: red;\">hatte<\/span>, fuhr ich zum Flughafen. (Kdy\u017e jsem se nasn\u00eddal, jel jsem na leti\u0161t\u011b.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Nachdem ich zum Flughafen <span style=\"color: red;\">gekommen war<\/span>, lie\u00df ich mein Auto auf dem Parkplatz. (Pot\u00e9, co jsem p\u0159ijel na leti\u0161t\u011b, nechal jsem auto na parkovi\u0161ti.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Poj\u010fme si zn\u00e1zornit po\u0159ad\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch \u010das\u016f na <b>\u010dasov\u00e9 ose<\/b>, abyste si l\u00e9pe uv\u011bdomili, jak na sebe navazuj\u00ed.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8220;107154&#8243; img_size=&#8220;large&#8220; alignment=&#8220;center&#8220;][vc_column_text]Na t\u00e9to \u010dasov\u00e9 ose jasn\u011b vid\u00edte, \u017ee <b>plusquamperfektum<\/b> je gramatick\u00fd \u010das, kter\u00fd ozna\u010duje <b>\u201enejstar\u0161\u00ed minulost\u201c<\/b>, po n\u011bm n\u00e1sleduje pr\u00e9teritum a pak <b>perfektum<\/b>, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 <b>nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed vztah k p\u0159\u00edtomnosti<\/b>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>2. Pr\u00e9teritum (Pr\u00e4teritum)<\/h3>\n<p><b>Pr\u00e9teritum je minul\u00fd \u010das jednoduch\u00fd<\/b>, kter\u00fd <b>se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z jednoho tvaru slovesa<\/b>, vyjad\u0159uj\u00edc\u00edho minulost.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Am Wochenende <span style=\"color: red;\">war<\/span> ich im Gebirge. (O v\u00edkendu jsem byl na hor\u00e1ch.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Er <span style=\"color: red;\">ging<\/span> mit seinen Freunden zur Schule. (Chodil do \u0161koly se sv\u00fdmi kamar\u00e1dy.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Na \u010dasov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmce se pr\u00e9teritum vyskytuje hned po plusquamperfektu. Proto <b>slou\u017eil p\u016fvodn\u011b tento minul\u00fd \u010das k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed prost\u00e9ho minul\u00e9ho d\u011bje bez vztahu k p\u0159\u00edtomnosti<\/b>. U\u017e\u00edval se <b>hlavn\u011b v mluven\u00e9m projevu<\/b>, nap\u0159. p\u0159i vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitk\u016f z dovolen\u00e9 nebo jin\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed \u010dasov\u011b ji\u017e uzav\u0159en\u00fdch v minulosti.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Im Urlaub <span style=\"color: red;\">fuhr<\/span> ich nach Italien. (O dovolen\u00e9 jsem jel do It\u00e1lie.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">wohnte<\/span> in einem sch\u00f6nen Hotel am Meer. (Bydlel jsem v p\u011bkn\u00e9m hotelu u mo\u0159e.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 n\u011bm\u010dina v\u0161ak toto pravidlo b\u011b\u017en\u011b poru\u0161uje<\/b> a nyn\u00ed v t\u011bchto v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00edch \u010dasto usly\u0161\u00edte perfektum.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Im Urlaub <span style=\"color: red;\">bin<\/span> ich nach Italien <span style=\"color: red;\">gefahren<\/span>. (O dovolen\u00e9 jsem jel do It\u00e1lie.)<i><\/i><\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">habe<\/span> in einem sch\u00f6nen Hotel am Meer <span style=\"color: red;\">gewohnt<\/span>. (Bydlel jsem v p\u011bkn\u00e9m hotelu u mo\u0159e.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jednozna\u010dn\u011b se v\u0161ak <b>pr\u00e9teritn\u00ed tvary prosazuj\u00ed<\/b> p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed:<br \/>\n<b><u>1. Mod\u00e1ln\u00edch sloves<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Er <span style=\"color: red;\">wollte<\/span> es wissen. (Cht\u011bl to v\u011bd\u011bt.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">musste<\/span> es sagen. (Musela jsem to \u0159\u00edct.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Wir <span style=\"color: red;\">konnten<\/span> es nicht machen. (Nemohli jsme to ud\u011blat.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><u>2. sloves sein, haben, werden<\/u><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">war<\/span> \u00fcberrascht. (Byl jsem p\u0159ekvapen\u00fd.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Er <span style=\"color: red;\">hatte<\/span> viel Zeit. (M\u011bl hodn\u011b \u010dasu.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Sie <span style=\"color: red;\">wurde<\/span> krank. (Onemocn\u011bla.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u016fvod je jednoduch\u00fd &#8211; pr\u00e9teritn\u00ed tvary jsou krat\u0161\u00ed a jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><b>V\u00edce o tvo\u0159en\u00ed pr\u00e9terita<\/b> u pravideln\u00fdch, nepravideln\u00fdch a mod\u00e1ln\u00edch sloves spolu s p\u0159\u00edklady se dozv\u00edte <b>v samostatn\u00e9m gramatick\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku <a href=\"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/nemcina\/preteritum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pr\u00e9teritum<\/a>.<\/b>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;3&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>3. Perfektum (Perfekt)<\/h3>\n<p>Perfektum je dal\u0161\u00ed z variant, jak v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159it minul\u00fd \u010das. Na rozd\u00edl od pr\u00e9terita je perfektum minul\u00fd \u010das slo\u017een\u00fd. <b>Je slo\u017eeno v\u017edy ze dvou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u2013 <u>pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa ve tvaru ur\u010dit\u00e9m a p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9ho plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho slovesa<\/u><\/b>. Pomocn\u00e9 sloveso v ur\u010dit\u00e9m tvaru (tedy \u010dasovan\u00e9) je ve v\u011bt\u011b v\u011bt\u0161inou na druh\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b (oznamovac\u00ed v\u011bta, zji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed ot\u00e1zka). M\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak st\u00e1t i na m\u00edst\u011b prvn\u00edm (dopl\u0148ovac\u00ed ot\u00e1zka). <b>P\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9<\/b> je <b>v\u017edy na konci v\u011bty<\/b>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">habe<\/span> es dir <span style=\"color: red;\">gesagt<\/span>. (\u0158ekl jsem ti to.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Wann <span style=\"color: red;\">sind<\/span> Sie <span style=\"color: red;\">gekommen<\/span>? (Kdy jste p\u0159ijel?)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><span style=\"color: red;\">Hast<\/span> du es schon <span style=\"color: red;\">gesehen<\/span>? (U\u017e jsi to vid\u011bla?)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Na na\u0161\u00ed pomysln\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 ose stoj\u00ed perfektum nejbl\u00ed\u017ee k p\u0159\u00edtomnosti. <b>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se<\/b> tedy k <b>vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed minulosti, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 vztah k p\u0159\u00edtomnosti<\/b>. Perfektum je ozna\u010dov\u00e1no jako \u201e\u010das dialogu\u201c. <b>Vyjad\u0159ujete j\u00edm informace v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m rozhovoru a konstatujete fakta<\/b>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">bin<\/span> heute sp\u00e4t <span style=\"color: red;\">aufgestanden<\/span>. (Dnes jsem vstal pozd\u011b.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i><span style=\"color: red;\">Hast<\/span> du es schon <span style=\"color: red;\">geh\u00f6rt<\/span>? (U\u017e jsi to sly\u0161el?)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Perfektum<\/b> stejn\u011b jako pr\u00e9teritum <b>vyjad\u0159uje<\/b> v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 n\u011bm\u010din\u011b <b>\u010dasto i uzav\u0159enou minulost<\/b>. Rozd\u00edly mezi pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm pr\u00e9terita a perfekta u plnov\u00fdznamov\u00fdch sloves se tedy st\u00edraj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">habe<\/span> ihn im Urlaub <span style=\"color: red;\">kennengelernt<\/span>. (Sezn\u00e1mila jsem se s n\u00edm na dovolen\u00e9.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Letztes Jahr <span style=\"color: red;\">sind<\/span> wir viel <span style=\"color: red;\">gereist<\/span>. (Minul\u00fd rok jsme hodn\u011b cestovali.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>P\u0159i vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu v souv\u011bt\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee n\u011bm\u010dina libovoln\u011b kombinovat oba \u010dasy (perfektum i pr\u00e9teritum)<\/b>. Je to hlavn\u011b v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, pokud pou\u017eijete sloveso <i>haben, sein, werden<\/i> nebo mod\u00e1ln\u00ed slovesa. D\u016fvodem jsou jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a krat\u0161\u00ed tvary v pr\u00e9teritu.<\/p>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1220\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1220\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Als ich zw\u00f6lf Jahre alt <span style=\"color: red;\">war<\/span>, <span style=\"color: red;\">habe<\/span> ich Klavier <span style=\"color: red;\">gespielt<\/span>.<br \/>\n<i>(Kdy\u017e mi bylo dvan\u00e1ct, hr\u00e1la jsem na klav\u00edr.) <\/i><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">pr\u00e9teritum + perfektum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Im Urlaub <span style=\"color: red;\">haben<\/span> wir in einem Hotel <span style=\"color: red;\">gewohnt<\/span>, das zwei Swimmingpools <span style=\"color: red;\">hatte<\/span>.<br \/>\n<i>(O dovolen\u00e9 jsme bydleli v hotelu, kter\u00fd m\u011bl dva<br \/>\nbaz\u00e9ny.)<\/i><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">perfektum + pr\u00e9teritum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Als er an der Uni <span style=\"color: red;\">studierte<\/span>, <span style=\"color: red;\">musste<\/span> er viel <span style=\"color: red;\">lernen<\/span>.<br \/>\n<i>(Kdy\u017e studoval na univerzit\u011b, musel se hodn\u011b u\u010dit.)<\/i><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">pr\u00e9teritum + perfektum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Seit seiner Kindheit <span style=\"color: red;\">lebte<\/span> er auf dem Lande aber er <span style=\"color: red;\">wollte<\/span> immer in der Stadt <span style=\"color: red;\">wohnen<\/span>.<br \/>\n<i>(Od d\u011btstv\u00ed \u017eil na venkov\u011b, ale v\u017edy cht\u011bl \u017e\u00edt ve m\u011bst\u011b.)<\/i><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">pr\u00e9teritum + perfektum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1220 from cache -->\n<p><b>Pokud se chcete dozv\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edce o tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta<\/b> pravideln\u00fdch, nepravideln\u00fdch nebo mod\u00e1ln\u00edch sloves (v\u010detn\u011b p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f), pod\u00edvejte se na <b>samostatn\u00fd gramatick\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek <a href=\"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/nemcina\/perfektum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Perfektum<\/a><\/b>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;4&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>4. Plusquamperfektum (Plusquamperfekt)<\/h3>\n<p><b>Plusquamperfektum<\/b> je \u010dasto k\u00e1men \u00farazu mnoh\u00fdch gramatick\u00fdch test\u016f. My v\u00e1m ale uk\u00e1\u017eeme, jak na n\u011bj. Nejd\u0159\u00edve si vysv\u011btl\u00edme, co plusquamperfektum je a jak se tvo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><b>Plusquamperfektum je ozna\u010den\u00ed pro p\u0159edminul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b<\/b>. Jedn\u00e1 se o <b>minul\u00fd \u010das slo\u017een\u00fd<\/b>. Jak ji\u017e jeho n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, bude m\u00edt n\u011bco spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s perfektem. <b>Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se<\/b> tedy <b>z ur\u010dit\u00e9ho tvaru pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa a p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9ho plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho slovesa<\/b>, kter\u00e9 je stejn\u00e9 jako u perfekta.<\/p>\n<p>Jako pomocn\u00e1 slovesa se v plusquamperfektu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed slovesa <i>haben<\/i> nebo <i>sein<\/i>. Tentokr\u00e1t jsou v\u0161ak <b>ve tvaru pr\u00e9terita<\/b>, tedy <i><u>ich hatte<\/u><\/i> nebo <i><u>ich war<\/u><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledn\u00fd tvar <b>plusquamperfekta je tedy kombinac\u00ed vy\u010dasovan\u00e9ho tvaru pr\u00e9terita od slovesa haben\/sein a p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9ho plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho slovesa<\/b> Pro n\u00e1zornost v\u00e1m uvedeme v\u0161echny tvary.<\/p>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1221\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1221\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>HABEN<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>ich<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">hatte gewohnt<br \/>\n<i>(bydlel jsem)<i><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><b>wir<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">hatten gewohnt<br \/>\n<i>(bydleli jsme)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>du<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">hattest gewohnt<br \/>\n<i>(bydlel jsi)<i><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><b>ihr<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">hattet gewohnt<br \/>\n<i>(bydleli jste)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>er, sie, es<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">hatte gewohnt<br \/>\n<i>(on, ona, ono bydlel\/a\/o)<i><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><b>sie, Sie<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">hatten gewohnt<br \/>\n<i>(bydleli jste, bydlel jste)<i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>SEIN<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>ich<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">war gekommen<br \/>\n<i>(p\u0159ijel\/p\u0159i\u0161el jsem)<i><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><b>wir<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">waren gekommen<br \/>\n<i>(p\u0159ijeli\/p\u0159i\u0161li jsme)<i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>du<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">warst gekommen<br \/>\n<i>(p\u0159ijel\/p\u0159i\u0161el jsi)<i><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><b>ihr<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">wart gekommen<br \/>\n<i>(p\u0159ijeli\/p\u0159i\u0161li jste)<i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>er, sie, es<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">war gekommen<br \/>\n<i>(on,ona,ono p\u0159ijel\/p\u0159i\u0161el)<i><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><b>sie, Sie<\/b><\/td><td class=\"column-4\">waren gekommen<br \/>\n<i>(p\u0159ijeli\/p\u0159i\u0161li jste, p\u0159ijel\/p\u0159i\u0161el jste)<i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1221 from cache -->\n<p><b>Pravidla pro u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed tvaru pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa sein nebo haben jsou stejn\u00e1 jako v perfektu<\/b>. Plat\u00ed tedy, \u017ee <b>ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f<\/b> pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te pomocn\u00e9 sloveso <u><i>haben<\/i><\/u>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>ich <span style=\"color: red;\">hatte<\/span> gearbeitet (pracoval jsem)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>er <span style=\"color: red;\">hatte<\/span> gelesen (\u010detl)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pouze <b>pokud se jedn\u00e1 o pohyb nebo zm\u011bnu stavu<\/b>, pou\u017eijte pomocn\u00e9 sloveso <u><i>sein<\/i><\/u>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>ich <span style=\"color: red;\">war<\/span> gereist (cestoval jsem)<\/i> &#8211; pohyb<\/li>\n<li><i>es <span style=\"color: red;\">war<\/span> passiert (stalo se)<\/i> &#8211; zm\u011bna stavu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Tvo\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9ho plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho slovesa podl\u00e9h\u00e1 stejn\u00fdm pravidl\u016fm jako u perfekta.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee jde o <b>pravideln\u00e1 slovesa<\/b>, tvo\u0159\u00edte p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed pomoc\u00ed p\u0159edpony <b>ge-<\/b> a p\u0159\u00edpony <b>-t ke slovesn\u00e9mu kmeni<\/b>.<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1222\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1222\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">machen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">infinitiv <i>(d\u011blat)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">mach<span style=\"color: red;\"><s>en<\/s><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">slovesn\u00fd kmen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ge-mach-t<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1222 from cache --><\/p>\n<p>U <b>sloves nepravideln\u00fdch<\/b> za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed tvary p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9ho p\u0159edponou <b>ge-<\/b> a kon\u010d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edponou <b>-en<\/b>. \u010casto se tyto <b>tvary li\u0161\u00ed od infinitivu slovesa<\/b>. Doporu\u010dujeme v\u00e1m, abyste si tyto tvary v\u017edy pro jistotu vyhledali a nau\u010dili se je.<\/p>\n<p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-1223\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1223\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">schwimmen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">infinitiv <i>(plavat)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ge-schwomm-en<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">fahren<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">infinitiv <i>(jezdit)<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ge-fahr-en<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1223 from cache -->[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<div class=\"study-zvyrazneni\"><strong>TIP: <\/strong> Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed <b>p\u0159ehled tvar\u016f nepravideln\u00fdch sloves najdete v gramatick\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku <a href=\"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/nemcina\/nepravidelna-slovesa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nepravideln\u00e1 slovesa<\/a>.<\/b><\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Jak jsme si ji\u017e vysv\u011btlili, <b>plusquamperfektum<\/b> je \u010das p\u0159edminul\u00fd. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na na\u0161\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e9 ose <strong>p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed \u010dasu minul\u00e9mu<\/strong> (pr\u00e9teritu a perfektu) a lze j\u00edm vyj\u00e1d\u0159it v\u0161echny ud\u00e1losti, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159ed t\u00edmto minul\u00fdm \u010dasem staly. V\u011bty v plusquamperfektu se tedy do \u010de\u0161tiny p\u0159ekl\u00e1daj\u00ed minul\u00fdm \u010dasem, stejn\u011b jako je tomu u pr\u00e9terita nebo perfekta.<\/p>\n<p>Plusquamperfektum se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nap\u0159. v takov\u00e9m souv\u011bt\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e chcete <strong>vyj\u00e1d\u0159it \u010dasovou souslednost<\/strong>. V tom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se pro vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed minulosti <strong>plusquamperfektum kombinuje v\u017edy s pr\u00e9teritem<\/strong>. <strong>Plusquamperfektum ozna\u010duje ud\u00e1lost \u201estar\u0161\u00ed\u201c<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 se stala p\u0159ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed vyj\u00e1d\u0159enou pr\u00e9teritem.<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1224\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1224\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Er <span style=\"color: red;\">sagte<\/span>, dass er dar\u00fcber irgendwo <span style=\"color: red;\">gelesen hatte<\/span>.<br \/>\n<i>(\u0158\u00edkal, \u017ee u\u017e o tom n\u011bkde \u010detl.) <\/i><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">pr\u00e9teritum + plusquamperfektum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1224 from cache --><\/p>\n<p>Plusquamperfektum se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve v\u011bt\u00e1ch <strong>\u010dasov\u00fdch<\/strong>. Ty jsou obvykle <strong>uvedeny \u010dasov\u00fdmi spojkami<\/strong> <em>nachdem (pot\u00e9, co), als (kdy\u017e), bevor (d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e)<\/em>.<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1225\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1225\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>Nachdem<\/b> er <span style=\"color: red;\">gefr\u00fchst\u00fcckt hatte<\/span>, <span style=\"color: red;\">fuhr<\/span> er zum Flughafen.<br \/>\n<i>(Pot\u00e9, co se nasn\u00eddal, jel na leti\u0161t\u011b.)<\/i><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">plusquamperfektum + pr\u00e9teritum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>Als<\/b> ich es <span style=\"color: red;\">erfahren hatte<\/span>,<span style=\"color: red;\">schrieb<\/span> ich an meinem Vater.<br \/>\n<i>(Kdy\u017e jsem se to dozv\u011bd\u011bl, napsal jsem sv\u00e9mu otci.)<\/i><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">plusquamperfektum + pr\u00e9teritum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1225 from cache --><\/p>\n<p>U \u010dasov\u00e9 spojky <strong>als nen\u00ed \u010dasov\u00e1 souslednost povinn\u00e1<\/strong>, b\u011b\u017en\u011b se minulost vyjad\u0159uje stejn\u00fdm gramatick\u00fdm \u010dasem (pr\u00e9teritem nebo perfektem).<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1226\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1226\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><b>Bevor<\/b> ich ins Kino <span style=\"color: red;\">ging<\/span>, <span style=\"color: red;\">hatte<\/span> ich meine Wohnung <span style=\"color: red;\">aufger\u00e4umt<\/span>.<br \/>\n<i> (D\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e jsem \u0161el do kina, uklidil jsem sv\u016fj byt.) <\/i><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">pr\u00e9teritum + plusquamperfektum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1226 from cache --><br \/>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<div class=\"study-zvyrazneni\"><strong>Pozor! <\/strong> P\u0159i u\u017eit\u00ed spojky <i>bevor<\/i> si nejd\u0159\u00edve uv\u011bdomte, kter\u00e1 z \u010dasov\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed je \u201estar\u0161\u00ed\u201c. <b>Spojkou bevor je uvozena vedlej\u0161\u00ed v\u011bta s \u010dasov\u011b \u201emlad\u0161\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u00ed\u201c<\/b> a \u201estar\u0161\u00ed ud\u00e1lost\u201c je pak ve v\u011bt\u011b hlavn\u00ed.<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Je nutno dodat, \u017ee <strong>plusquamperfektum<\/strong> se ze v\u0161ech minul\u00fdch \u010das\u016f <strong>pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nejm\u00e9n\u011b<\/strong>.<br \/>\nV b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch komunika\u010dn\u00edch situac\u00edch se s n\u00edm potk\u00e1te jen z\u0159\u00eddka. Jde sp\u00ed\u0161e o gramatick\u00fd \u010das pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd <strong>v literatu\u0159e a p\u00edsemn\u00e9m projevu<\/strong>. [\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;5&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>5. Cvi\u010den\u00ed na z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n<p><em>Na z\u00e1v\u011br jsme si pro v\u00e1s p\u0159ipravili kr\u00e1tk\u00fd <a href=\"https:\/\/student.onlinejazyky.cz\/lesson\/public-detail\/id\/183938\/hash\/d7baee4ab350f4d0360fbf4e43f2e034\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">test \/ cvi\u010den\u00ed na minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b<\/a>. M\u016f\u017eete si v n\u011bm vyzkou\u0161et, kdy pou\u017e\u00edvat v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b pr\u00e9teritum, perfektum nebo plusquamperfektum. Syst\u00e9m v\u00e1m v\u00fdsledek testu vyhodnot\u00ed a uk\u00e1\u017ee spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky cvi\u010den\u00ed na minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b.<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Rozd\u011blen\u00ed minul\u00fdch \u010das\u016f v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b a jejich funkce Pr\u00e9teritum (Pr\u00e4teritum) Perfektum (Perfekt) Plusquamperfektum (Plusquamperfekt) Cvi\u010den\u00ed na z\u00e1v\u011br [\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text] V \u010dl\u00e1nku se dozv\u00edte v\u0161e, co je pro v\u00e1s o minul\u00e9m \u010dasu v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt. Vysv\u011btl\u00edme si rozd\u00edl mezi pr\u00e9teritem a perfektem. N\u00e1zorn\u011b si uk\u00e1\u017eeme na jednoduch\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkladech, jak se tvo\u0159\u00ed. D\u00edky \u010dasov\u00e9 ose lehce [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1525,"featured_media":107187,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[321],"tags":[989],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.10 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b - SoGood Languages<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tr\u00e1p\u00edte se s minul\u00fdm \u010dasem v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b? V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku zjist\u00edte jak na Pr\u00e9teritum, Perfektum i Plusquamperfektum. 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