{"id":107226,"date":"2021-04-09T10:11:37","date_gmt":"2021-04-09T08:11:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/?p=107226"},"modified":"2021-06-09T15:28:31","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T13:28:31","slug":"perfektum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/perfektum\/","title":{"rendered":"Perfektum (Perfekt) &#8211; Minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#1\">Co je perfektum a kdy se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#2\">Pomocn\u00e1 slovesa v perfektu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#3\">Tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta u pravideln\u00fdch sloves<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#4\">Tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta u nepravideln\u00fdch sloves<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#5\">V\u00fdjimky p\u0159i tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#6\">Mod\u00e1ln\u00ed slovesa v perfektu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#7\">Vazba infinitiv\u016f v perfektu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#8\">Cvi\u010den\u00ed na z\u00e1v\u011br<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 21px;\">Jednou z variant, jak vyj\u00e1d\u0159it minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b, je perfektum. Vysv\u011btl\u00edme v\u00e1m, co perfektum je a kdy se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. Uk\u00e1\u017eeme si tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta u pravideln\u00fdch i nepravideln\u00fdch sloves a neopomeneme ani slovesa pomocn\u00e1. Posv\u00edt\u00edme si na v\u00fdjimky a nepravidelnosti. D\u00edky p\u0159ehledn\u00fdm tabulk\u00e1m zvl\u00e1dnete vytvo\u0159it perfektum od ka\u017ed\u00e9ho slovesa. A nakonec v\u00e1m d\u00e1me p\u00e1r u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch rad, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1m tvo\u0159en\u00ed\u00a0 perfekta ur\u010dit\u011b usnadn\u00ed.<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;1&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>1. Co je perfektum a kdy se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/h3>\n<p>U slova\u00a0 perfektum se mnoh\u00fdm student\u016fm je\u017e\u00ed vlasy hr\u016fzou. My v\u00e1m v\u0161ak uk\u00e1\u017eeme, \u017ee se nen\u00ed \u010deho b\u00e1t. Za\u010dn\u011bme p\u011bkn\u011b od za\u010d\u00e1tku vysv\u011btlen\u00edm, co je <b>perfektum<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p><b>Perfektum (n\u011bmecky das Perfekt)<\/b> je slo\u017een\u00fd minul\u00fd \u010das, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed d\u011bje v minulosti, jen\u017e m\u00e1 vztah k p\u0159\u00edtomnosti. \u010casto se ozna\u010duje jako \u201c\u010das dialogu\u201d. Vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed se j\u00edm\u00a0 informace v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m rozhovoru a konstatuj\u00ed fakta. M\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak vyjad\u0159ovat i uzav\u0159enou minulost stejn\u011b jako pr\u00e9teritum.<\/p>\n<p>Perfektum se v\u017edy\u00a0 skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze <b>dvou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed &#8211; <u>pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa haben<\/u><\/b> nebo <b><u>sein<\/u><\/b> ve tvaru ur\u010dit\u00e9m a <b><u>p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9ho plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho slovesa<\/u><\/b> <i>(gesagt, abgefahren, gekommen)<\/i>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">habe<\/span> es dir gestern <span style=\"color: red;\">gesagt<\/span>. (V\u010dera jsem ti to \u0159ekl.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Sie <span style=\"color: red;\">ist<\/span> nach Deutschland <span style=\"color: red;\">abgefahren<\/span>. (Odjela do N\u011bmecka.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Pomocn\u00e9 sloveso<\/b> stoj\u00ed <b>ve v\u011bt\u011b<\/b> v\u011bt\u0161inou <b>na druh\u00e9 pozici<\/b> (oznamovac\u00ed v\u011bta, zji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed ot\u00e1zka).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Sie <span style=\"color: red;\">ist<\/span> nach Deutschland <span style=\"color: red;\">abgefahren<\/span>. (Odjela do N\u011bmecka.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">habe<\/span> es gestern <span style=\"color: red;\">gekauft<\/span>. (Koupil jsem to v\u010dera.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Wann <span style=\"color: red;\">bist<\/span> du <span style=\"color: red;\">gekommen<\/span>? (Kdy jsi p\u0159i\u0161el?)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee tvo\u0159\u00edme zji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed\u00a0 ot\u00e1zku (takovou, na kterou odpov\u00edme ano \u010di ne), je <b>pomocn\u00e9 sloveso ve v\u011bt\u011b na prvn\u00ed pozici<\/b>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i><span style=\"color: red;\">Hast<\/span> du es schon <span style=\"color: red;\">geh\u00f6rt<\/span>? (U\u017e jsi to sly\u0161el?)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zapamatujte si, \u017ee <b>plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9 sloveso v p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9m stoj\u00ed v hlavn\u00ed v\u011bt\u011b <u>v\u017edy na konci<\/u><\/b>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;2&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>2. Pomocn\u00e1 slovesa v perfektu<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Pomocn\u00e1 slovesa<\/strong> hraj\u00ed p\u0159i tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta velmi d\u016fle\u017eitou roli. V perfektu se u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dv\u011b pomocn\u00e1 slovesa, a to \u00a0<strong><em>haben<\/em><\/strong> nebo <strong><em>sein<\/em> v\u017edy v ur\u010dit\u00e9m tvaru<\/strong>, co\u017e je tvar vy\u010dasovan\u00e9ho slovesa.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy pou\u017eijete <em>haben<\/em> a kdy <em>sein<\/em>, v\u00e1m jednodu\u0161e vysv\u011btl\u00edme.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f<\/strong> je v perfektu pravideln\u00fdch i nepravideln\u00fdch sloves\u00a0 <strong>pomocn\u00e9 sloveso <em>haben<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>ich <span style=\"color: red;\">habe<\/span> gesagt (j\u00e1 jsem \u0159\u00edkal)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>er <span style=\"color: red;\">hat<\/span> gegessen (on jedl)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<div class=\"study-zvyrazneni\"><strong>Pozor!!!<\/strong> Jsou <strong>dva p\u0159\u00edpady<\/strong>, kdy pou\u017eijete <strong>pomocn\u00e9 sloveso <em>sein<\/em><\/strong>.<\/div>\n<p><u>1. Sloveso <b>vyjad\u0159uje pohyb<\/b>, ve smyslu p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">bin<\/span> gekommen. (J\u00e1 jsem p\u0159i\u0161el\/p\u0159ijel.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Er <span style=\"color: red;\">ist<\/span> gegangen. (On \u0161el.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Wir <span style=\"color: red;\">sind<\/span> gereist. (My jsme cestovali.)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>2. Sloveso vyjad\u0159uje <b>zm\u011bnu stavu<\/b>:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Er <span style=\"color: red;\">ist<\/span> geboren. (Narodil se.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Es <span style=\"color: red;\">ist<\/span> nicht gelungen. (Nepoda\u0159ilo se to.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Was <span style=\"color: red;\">ist<\/span> passiert? (Co se stalo?)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Te\u010f jedna u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 rada. V souv\u011bt\u00ed se stejn\u00fdm podm\u011btem, ve kter\u00fdch <b>se plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e1 slovesa poj\u00ed ke stejn\u00e9mu pomocn\u00e9mu slovesu, ho m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt pouze jednou<\/b>. Poj\u010fme si to uk\u00e1zat na p\u0159\u00edkladu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">habe angerufen<\/span> und <span style=\"color: red;\">geschrieben<\/span>. (Telefonovala jsem a psala.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Er <span style=\"color: red;\">hat gegessen<\/span> und Zeitung <span style=\"color: red;\">gelesen<\/span>. (Jedl a \u010detl noviny.)<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Die Kinder <span style=\"color: red;\">sind gesprungen<\/span> und <span style=\"color: red;\">geschwommen<\/span>. (D\u011bti sk\u00e1kaly a plavaly).<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Jestli\u017ee si nejste jisti, jak\u00e9 pomocn\u00e9 sloveso pou\u017e\u00edt, pod\u00edvejte se do slovn\u00edku. U ka\u017ed\u00e9ho slovesa b\u00fdv\u00e1 uvedeno i pomocn\u00e9 sloveso v perfektu. Jako pom\u016fcku <b>zde naleznete tabulku z\u00e1kladn\u00edch nepravideln\u00fdch sloves v\u010detn\u011b sloves pomocn\u00fdch<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b jedna pozn\u00e1mka na z\u00e1v\u011br. Slovesa <i>haben<\/i> a <i>sein<\/i> funguj\u00ed <b>v perfektu tak\u00e9 jako plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e1 slovesa<\/b>. Mnohem <b>\u010dast\u011bji se v\u0161ak pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00a0 pr\u00e9teritu<\/b>. Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eete vid\u011bt v tabulce n\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p>Sloveso <i>sein<\/i> je <b>v perfektu<\/b> tvo\u0159eno pomocn\u00fdm slovesem <i>sein<\/i> a tvarem <i>gewesen<\/i>.<br \/>\n<b>V pr\u00e9teritu<\/b> tvo\u0159\u00ed tvar <i>war<\/i> a k n\u011bmu <b>se p\u0159ip\u00ednaj\u00ed koncovky dal\u0161\u00edch osob (p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e 1. a 3. osoba j.\u010d. je stejn\u00e1 a bez koncovky!)<\/b>.<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1238\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1238\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">perfektum<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">pr\u00e9teritum<\/th><th class=\"column-3\"><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ich bin gewesen<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">ich war<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i>j\u00e1 jsem byl<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">du bist gewesen<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">du war<span style=\"color: red;\">st<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> ty jsi byl <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">er ist gewesen<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er war<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> on byl <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">wir sind gewesen<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">wir war<span style=\"color: red;\">en<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> my jsme byli <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ihr seid gewesen<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">ihr war<span style=\"color: red;\">t<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> vy jste byli <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">sie sind gewesen<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">sie war<span style=\"color: red;\">en<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> oni byli <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">Sie sind gewesen<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Sie war<span style=\"color: red;\">en<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> Vy jste byl\/byla\/ byli <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1238 from cache -->[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Sloveso <em>haben<\/em> je v perfektu tvo\u0159eno pomocn\u00fdm slovesem <em>haben<\/em> a tvarem <em>gehabt<\/em>. <strong>V pr\u00e9teritu<\/strong> se tvo\u0159\u00ed pomoc\u00ed <strong>koncovek -te, -test, -te, -ten, -tet, -ten. Stejn\u011b jako u v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch sloves v pr\u00e9teritu i u haben plat\u00ed, \u017ee 1. a 3. osoba j. \u010d. je stejn\u00e1 a bez koncovky<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1239\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1239\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">perfektum<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">pr\u00e9teritum<\/th><th class=\"column-3\"><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\"> ich habe gehabt <\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">ich hat<span style=\"color: red;\">te<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> j\u00e1 jsem m\u011bl <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\"> du hast gehabt <\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">du hat<span style=\"color: red;\">test<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> ty jsi m\u011bl <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\"> er hat gehabt <\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat<span style=\"color: red;\">te<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> on m\u011bl <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\"> wir haben gehabt <\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">wir hat<span style=\"color: red;\">ten<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> my jsme m\u011bli <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\"> ihr habt gehabt <\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">ihr hat<span style=\"color: red;\">tet<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> vy jste m\u011bli <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\"> sie haben gehabt <\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">sie hat<span style=\"color: red;\">ten<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> oni m\u011bli <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\"> Sie haben gehabt <\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Sie hat<span style=\"color: red;\">ten<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> Vy jste m\u011bl\/m\u011bla\/m\u011bli <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1239 from cache -->[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;3&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>3. Tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta u pravideln\u00fdch sloves<\/h3>\n<p>Te\u010f si posv\u00edt\u00edme na <strong>tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta u pravideln\u00fdch sloves<\/strong>. K tomu doporu\u010dujeme prov\u00e9st <strong>4 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kroky<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Vych\u00e1zejte z <strong>infinitivu<\/strong> slovesa, tedy tvaru kon\u010d\u00edc\u00edho na <span style=\"color: red;\">-en<\/span>. Stoj\u00ed v\u017edy bez podm\u011btu (osobn\u00edho z\u00e1jmena \u010di podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na). V tomto tvaru ho naleznete ve slovn\u00edku.\n<ul>\n<li><em>mach<span style=\"color: red;\">en<\/span> (d\u011blat)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>kauf<span style=\"color: red;\">en<\/span> (kupovat)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Infinitivn\u00ed koncovku <span style=\"color: red;\">-en<\/span> odejm\u011bte. Vznikne tzv. <strong>slovesn\u00fd kmen<\/strong>, ke kter\u00e9mu p\u0159ipoj\u00edte p\u0159edponu <span style=\"color: red;\">ge-<\/span>. P\u0159edponou <span style=\"color: red;\">ge-<\/span> se tvo\u0159\u00ed perfektum u v\u011bt\u0161iny sloves. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak v\u00fdjimky, kdy ge- nepou\u017eijete. O nich se dozv\u00edte v\u00edce v bod\u011b 4. Uk\u00e1\u017eeme v\u00e1m to na p\u0159\u00edkladu.\n<ul>\n<li><em>mach<span style=\"color: red;\"><s>en<\/s><\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: red;\">ge+<\/span>mach \u2192 gemach<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Jako dal\u0161\u00ed krok p\u0159ipoj\u00edte je\u0161t\u011b ke slovesn\u00e9mu kmeni koncovku <span style=\"color: red;\">-t<\/span>. Tato koncovka se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 <strong>u v\u0161ech pravideln\u00fdch sloves<\/strong>. Vytvo\u0159\u00edte t\u00edm tzv. <strong>p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9<\/strong>. Vznik\u00e1 tak n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ne\u010dasovan\u00fd tvar.\n<ul>\n<li><em>mach<span style=\"color: red;\"><s>en<\/s><\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: red;\">ge+<\/span>mach<span style=\"color: red;\">+t<\/span> \u2192 <span style=\"color: red;\">gemacht<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokud slovesn\u00fd kmen kon\u010d\u00ed na <span style=\"color: red;\">-t, -d, -m, -n<\/span>, \u00a0p\u0159id\u00e1te koncovku <span style=\"color: red;\">-et<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>arbei<span style=\"color: red;\">t<\/span>en (pracovat) \u2192 <span style=\"color: red;\">ge<\/span>arbeit<span style=\"color: red;\">et<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>re<span style=\"color: red;\">d<\/span>en (mluvit) \u2192 <span style=\"color: red;\">ge<\/span>red<span style=\"color: red;\">et<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>at<span style=\"color: red;\">m<\/span>en (d\u00fdchat) \u2192 <span style=\"color: red;\">ge<\/span>atm<span style=\"color: red;\">et<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>rech<span style=\"color: red;\">n<\/span>en (po\u010d\u00edtat) \u2192 <span style=\"color: red;\">ge<\/span>rechn<span style=\"color: red;\">et<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Co se t\u00fd\u010de tvaru plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho slovesa, je to v\u0161e. Nyn\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b mus\u00edte vybrat vhodn\u00e9 pomocn\u00e9 sloveso. P\u0159i volb\u011b postupujte dle bodu 2 (<a class=\"js-anchor\" href=\"#2\">pomocn\u00e1 slovesa v perfektu<\/a>). <strong>Nakonec spoj\u00edte tvar pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa s p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00edm minul\u00fdm<\/strong> a m\u00e1te hotovo.\n<ul>\n<li><em>ich habe gemacht \u2192 j\u00e1 jsem d\u011blal<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>er ist gereist \u2192 on cestoval<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;4&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>4. Tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta u nepravideln\u00fdch sloves<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Nepravideln\u00e1 slovesa v perfektu tvo\u0159\u00ed daleko po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed<\/strong> skupinu ne\u017e v p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase. Jak je vytvo\u0159\u00edte? Stejn\u011b jako u pravideln\u00fdch sloves pou\u017eijete <strong>ur\u010dit\u00fd tvar pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa haben nebo sein a p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9 plnov\u00fdznamov\u00e9ho slovesa<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Plat\u00ed, \u017ee <strong>nepravideln\u00e1 slovesa v perfektu za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed na<\/strong> <span style=\"color: red;\">ge-<\/span>, pokud nemaj\u00ed odlu\u010ditelnou p\u0159edponu (viz. bod odlu\u010diteln\u00e9 p\u0159edpony) a <strong>v\u011bt\u0161inou kon\u010d\u00ed na<\/strong> <span style=\"color: red;\">-en<\/span>.\u00a0 Pouze tzv. <strong>skupina sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch sloves<\/strong> kon\u010d\u00ed na <span style=\"color: red;\">-t<\/span>. Kmen nepravideln\u00e9ho slovesa se m\u016f\u017ee m\u011bnit nebo z\u016fstat stejn\u00fd jako v infinitivu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>spr<span style=\"color: red;\">e<\/span>chen \u2192 er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">ge<\/span>spr<span style=\"color: red;\">o<\/span>ch<span style=\"color: red;\">en<\/span> (on mluvil)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>l<span style=\"color: red;\">a<\/span>ssen \u2192 ich habe <span style=\"color: red;\">ge<\/span>l<span style=\"color: red;\">a<\/span>ss<span style=\"color: red;\">en<\/span> (j\u00e1 jsem nechal)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>k<span style=\"color: red;\">e<\/span>nnen \u2192 wir haben <span style=\"color: red;\">ge<\/span>k<span style=\"color: red;\">a<\/span>nn<span style=\"color: red;\">t<\/span> (znali jsme)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00edce o nepravideln\u00fdch slovesech v perfektu a jejich tvo\u0159en\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b tabulky z\u00e1kladn\u00edch nepravideln\u00fdch sloves, se dozv\u00edte v gramatick\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku <a href=\"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/nemcina\/nepravidelna-slovesa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nepravideln\u00e1 slovesa<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;5&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>5. V\u00fdjimky p\u0159i tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta, resp. p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9ho<\/h3>\n<p>Te\u010f p\u0159ijde <strong>d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 upozorn\u011bn\u00ed!!<\/strong> P\u0159i tvorb\u011b p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9ho pomoc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpony <strong>ge-<\/strong> existuj\u00ed <strong>dv\u011b v\u00fdjimky, kdy toto pravidlo neplat\u00ed<\/strong>. Jde o n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed skupiny:<br \/>\na) <strong>Infinitiv<\/strong> slovesa kon\u010d\u00ed na <strong>-ieren<\/strong>. Jedn\u00e1 se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o slovesa ciz\u00edho p\u016fvodu, tak\u017ee je dob\u0159e pozn\u00e1te. Jsou v\u017edy pravideln\u00e1.<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1240\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1240\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">inform<span style=\"color: red;\">ieren<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat informiert<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i>informoval<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">diskut<span style=\"color: red;\">ieren<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat diskutiert<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> diskutoval <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">reserv<span style=\"color: red;\">ieren<\/span><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat reserviert<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> rezervoval <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1240 from cache --><\/p>\n<p>b) Sloveso za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 <strong>neodlu\u010ditelnou p\u0159edponou<\/strong>. A kter\u00e9\u00a0 p\u0159edpony jsou\u00a0 neodlu\u010diteln\u00e9? Jde o n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: <span style=\"color: red;\">be-, empf-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-<\/span>. Pokud sloveso touto p\u0159edponou za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1, nikdy nep\u0159ip\u00edn\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9m p\u0159edponu <strong>ge-<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1241\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1241\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">be<\/span>suchen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">be<\/span>sucht\t<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> nav\u0161t\u00edvil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">empf<\/span>ehlen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">empf<\/span>ohlen<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> doporu\u010dil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ent<\/span>decken<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">ent<\/span>deckt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> objevil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">er<\/span>fahren<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">er<\/span>fahren<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> dozv\u011bd\u011bl se <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ge<\/span>h\u00f6ren<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">ge<\/span>h\u00f6rt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> pat\u0159il <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">miss<\/span>trauen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">miss<\/span>traut<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159oval <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ver<\/span>kaufen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">ver<\/span>kauft\t<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> prodal <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">zer<\/span>brechen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">zer<\/span>brochen<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> rozbil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1241 from cache --><br \/>\nV ostatn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech <strong>ge- v\u017edy pou\u017eijete<\/strong>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Plat\u00ed to i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee sloveso za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 <strong>p\u0159edponou odlu\u010ditelnou<\/strong>. Jedn\u00e1 se o tyto p\u0159edpony: <span style=\"color: red;\">ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, bei-, ein-, mit-, nach-, vor-, zu-, zusammen-, zur\u00fcck-, her-, hin-, los-, weg-, weiter-<\/span>. Jestli\u017ee tedy sloveso za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 odlu\u010ditelnou p\u0159edponou, vkl\u00e1d\u00e1te <strong>ge- mezi tuto p\u0159edponu a sloveso<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1242\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1242\">\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ab<\/span>fahren<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er ist <span style=\"color: red;\">ab<\/span><b>ge<\/b>fahren<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> odjel <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">an<\/span>kommen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er ist <span style=\"color: red;\">an<\/span><b>ge<\/b>kommen<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> p\u0159ijel <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">auf<\/span>r\u00e4umen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">auf<\/span><b>ge<\/b>r\u00e4umt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> ukl\u00edzel <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">aus<\/span>packen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">aus<\/span><b>ge<\/b>packt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> rozbalil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">bei<\/span>tragen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">bei<\/span><b>ge<\/b>trage<\/b>n<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> p\u0159isp\u011bl <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">ein<\/span>kaufen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">ein<\/span><b>ge<\/b>kauft<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> nakoupil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">mit<\/span>teilen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">mit<\/span><b>ge<\/b>teilt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> sd\u011blil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">nach<\/span>sehen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">nach<\/span><b>ge<\/b>sehen<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> pod\u00edval se <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">vor<\/span>schlagen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">vor<\/span><b>ge<\/b>schlagen<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> navrhl <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">zum<\/span>achen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">zu<\/span><b>ge<\/b>macht<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> zav\u0159el <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">zusammen<\/span>dr\u00fccken<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">zusammen<\/span><b>ge<\/b>dr\u00fcckt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> stla\u010dil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">zur\u00fcc<\/span>kgeben<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">zur\u00fcck<\/span><b>ge<\/b>geben<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> vr\u00e1til <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">her<\/span>stellen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">her<\/span><b>ge<\/b>stellt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> vyrobil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">hin<\/span>fahren<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er ist <span style=\"color: red;\">hin<\/span><b>ge<\/b>fahren<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> jel tam <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-15 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">los<\/span>lassen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">los<\/span><b>ge<\/b>lassen<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> pustil <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-16 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">weg<\/span>gehen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er ist <span style=\"color: red;\">weg<\/span><b>ge<\/b>gangen<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> odjel <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-17 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><span style=\"color: red;\">weiter<\/span>machen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat <span style=\"color: red;\">weiter<\/span><b>ge<\/b>macht<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><i> pokra\u010doval <\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1242 from cache --><br \/>\nUr\u010dit\u011b jste si v\u0161imli, \u017ee u odlu\u010diteln\u00fdch \u010di neodlu\u010diteln\u00fdch p\u0159edpon nehraje roli, zda je sloveso pravideln\u00e9\u00a0 \u010di nepravideln\u00e9. Vyskytuj\u00ed se v obou skupin\u00e1ch. Jestli\u017ee si tedy l\u00e1mete hlavu nad t\u00edm, zda <strong>ge-<\/strong> p\u0159ipojit \u010di nikoliv, \u0159i\u010fte se v\u017edy v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdm pravidlem odlu\u010ditelnosti \u010di neodlu\u010ditelnosti.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;6&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>6. Mod\u00e1ln\u00ed slovesa v perfektu<\/h3>\n<p>Jestli\u017ee chcete vytvo\u0159it <strong>mod\u00e1ln\u00ed sloveso v perfektu<\/strong>, postupujte dle zn\u00e1m\u00fdch pravidel. Pou\u017eijte kombinaci <strong>pomocn\u00e9ho slovesa ve tvaru ur\u010dit\u00e9m a p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9ho mod\u00e1ln\u00edho slovesa<\/strong>. Jako pomocn\u00e9 sloveso slou\u017e\u00ed v\u017edy sloveso <em>haben<\/em>. <strong>Tvary mod\u00e1ln\u00edch sloves v perfektu za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed p\u0159edponou <span style=\"color: red;\">ge-<\/span> kon\u010d\u00ed koncovkou <span style=\"color: red;\">-t<\/span><\/strong>. Nikdy <strong>neobsahuj\u00ed p\u0159ehl\u00e1sky<\/strong>, i kdy\u017e jsou v p\u016fvodn\u00edm infinitu slovesa.<\/p>\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b jedna pozn\u00e1mka. <strong>Mod\u00e1ln\u00ed slovesa v perfektu nejsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 frekventovanou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed<\/strong>. Mnohem \u010dast\u011bji se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro <strong>vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu u mod\u00e1ln\u00edch sloves pr\u00e9teritum<\/strong>. Je to z d\u016fvodu, \u017ee tvar v pr\u00e9teritu je mnohem jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a krat\u0161\u00ed. Poj\u010fme si uk\u00e1zat srovn\u00e1n\u00ed.<br \/>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-1243\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-1243\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">P\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Perfektum<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Pr\u00e9teritum<\/th><th class=\"column-4\"><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">d<span style=\"color: red;\">\u00fc<\/span>rfen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat d<span style=\"color: red;\">u<\/span>rft<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">er durfte<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><i>sm\u011bl<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">k<span style=\"color: red;\">\u00f6<\/span>nnen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat gek<span style=\"color: red;\">o<\/span>nnt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">er konnte<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><i>mohl, um\u011bl<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">m<span style=\"color: red;\">\u00f6<\/span>gen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat gem<span style=\"color: red;\">o<\/span>cht<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">er mochte<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><i>m\u011bl r\u00e1d<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">m<span style=\"color: red;\">\u00fc<\/span>ssen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat gem<span style=\"color: red;\">u<\/span>sst<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">er musste<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><i>musel<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">s<span style=\"color: red;\">o<\/span>llen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat ges<span style=\"color: red;\">o<\/span>llt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">er sollte<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><i>m\u011bl za povinnost<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">w<span style=\"color: red;\">o<\/span>llen<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">er hat gew<span style=\"color: red;\">o<\/span>llt<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">er wollte<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><i>cht\u011bl<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-1243 from cache --><\/p>\n<p>U slovesa m\u00f6gen nav\u00edc doch\u00e1z\u00ed v perfektu i pr\u00e9teritu ke zm\u011bn\u011b <b>g<\/b> na <b>ch<\/b>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>wir m<span style=\"color: red;\">\u00f6g<\/span>en <i>(my m\u00e1me r\u00e1di)<\/i> &#8211; p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd \u010das<\/li>\n<li>wir m<span style=\"color: red;\">ocht<\/span>en <i>(my jsme m\u011bli r\u00e1di)<\/i> &#8211; pr\u00e9teritum<\/li>\n<li>wir haben gem<span style=\"color: red;\">och<\/span>t <i>(my jsme m\u011bli r\u00e1di)<\/i> &#8211; perfektum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;7&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>7. Vazba dvou infinitiv\u016f v perfektu<\/h3>\n<p>Jak to ud\u011blat, abyste mohli v jednoduch\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159it v\u00edce plnov\u00fdznamov\u00fdch sloves v perfektu? Postupujte dle zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho sch\u00e9matu, av\u0161ak s jedn\u00edm rozd\u00edlem. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee ve v\u011bt\u011b je <strong>v\u00edce plnov\u00fdznamov\u00fdch sloves na sob\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00fdch, jejich tvary na konci jsou v infinitivu<\/strong>, nikoliv v p\u0159\u00ed\u010dest\u00ed minul\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">habe<\/span> ihn <span style=\"color: red;\">kommen h\u00f6ren<\/span>. (Sly\u0161ela jsem ho p\u0159ich\u00e1zet.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Er <span style=\"color: red;\">hat<\/span> uns lange <span style=\"color: red;\">arbeiten lassen<\/span>. (Nechal n\u00e1s dlouho pracovat.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pozor na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 po\u0159ad\u00ed infinitiv\u016f na konci v\u011bty. Jako posledn\u00ed stoj\u00ed infinitiv slovesa, kter\u00e9 je v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b ve tvaru ur\u010dit\u00e9m.<\/p>\n<p>Stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se tvo\u0159\u00ed i v\u011bty <strong>s mod\u00e1ln\u00edm slovesem<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Sie <span style=\"color: red;\">hat<\/span> leider nicht <span style=\"color: red;\">kommen k\u00f6nnen<\/span>. (Bohu\u017eel nemohla p\u0159ij\u00edt.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Ich <span style=\"color: red;\">habe<\/span> mit dem Bus <span style=\"color: red;\">fahren m\u00fcssen<\/span>. (Musela jsem jet autobusem.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Sie <span style=\"color: red;\">haben<\/span> es nicht <span style=\"color: red;\">h\u00f6ren wollen<\/span>. (Necht\u011bli to sly\u0161et.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech v\u0161ak doporu\u010dujeme d\u00e1t p\u0159ednost <strong>jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edmu tvaru pr\u00e9terita<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Sie konnte nicht kommen.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Ich musste mit dem Bus fahren.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Sie wollte es nicht h\u00f6ren.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_id=&#8220;8&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>8. Cvi\u010den\u00ed na z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n<p>Na z\u00e1v\u011br tu pro v\u00e1s m\u00e1me kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/student.onlinejazyky.cz\/lesson\/public-detail\/id\/182345\/hash\/c0b50ba303d18b1611ee842df601e25b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cvi\u010den\u00ed<\/a>, abyste si ov\u011b\u0159ili, zda v\u0161emu rozum\u00edte. Cvi\u010den\u00ed si m\u016f\u017eete vyzkou\u0161et online a zdarma pomoc\u00ed aplikace <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinejazyky.cz\/?a_box=9b95canf&amp;a_cam=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Onlinejazyky.cz<\/a> Syst\u00e9m ihned uk\u00e1\u017ee va\u0161e odpov\u011bdi a jejich spr\u00e1vnost.<\/p>\n<p>Nebo se na cvi\u010den\u00ed m\u016f\u017eete kouknout tady v \u010dl\u00e1nku. \u0158e\u0161en\u00ed najdete pod cvi\u010den\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p><b> Dopl\u0148te vhodn\u00e9 slovesn\u00e9 tvary v perfektu: <\/b><\/p>\n<p>kommen (p\u0159ij\u00edt, p\u0159ijet), essen (j\u00edst), beenden (skon\u010dit), einschlafen (usnout), fahren (jet), anrufen (zavolat), machen (d\u011blat), verbringen (str\u00e1vit), aufstehen (vst\u00e1vat), kochen (va\u0159it), trinken (p\u00edt), fernsehen (d\u00edvat se na televizi), sich treffen (setkat se), arbeiten (pracovat)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sabine ________ um 6.30 Uhr ________.<\/li>\n<li>Dann ________ sie ihr Fr\u00fchst\u00fcck ________ und Kaffee ________.<\/li>\n<li>Um 7.30 ________ sie mit dem Auto zur Arbeit ________.<\/li>\n<li>Von 8.00 bis 12.00 ________ sie ________.<\/li>\n<li>Danach ________ Sabine eine Mittagspause ________.<\/li>\n<li>Um 17.00 ________ sie ihre Arbeit ________.<\/li>\n<li>Nach der Arbeit ________ sie sich mit ihrer Freundin Karin ________.<\/li>\n<li>Sie ________ zwei Stunden im Caf\u00e9 ________.<\/li>\n<li>Kurz nach 19.00 ________ sie nach Hause ________.<\/li>\n<li>Sie ________ das Abendessen schnell ________ und dabei ihren Freund ________.<\/li>\n<li>Nach dem Abendessen ________ sie ________.<\/li>\n<li>Um 23.00 ________ sie schnell ________.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>ist aufgestanden<\/li>\n<li>hat gegessen, getrunken<\/li>\n<li>ist gefahren<\/li>\n<li>hat gearbeitet<\/li>\n<li>hat gemacht<\/li>\n<li>hat beendet<\/li>\n<li>hat getroffen<\/li>\n<li>hat\/haben verbracht<\/li>\n<li>ist gekommen<\/li>\n<li>hat gekocht, angerufen<\/li>\n<li>hat ferngesehen<\/li>\n<li>ist eingeschlafen<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Co je perfektum a kdy se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 Pomocn\u00e1 slovesa v perfektu Tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta u pravideln\u00fdch sloves Tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta u nepravideln\u00fdch sloves V\u00fdjimky p\u0159i tvo\u0159en\u00ed perfekta Mod\u00e1ln\u00ed slovesa v perfektu Vazba infinitiv\u016f v perfektu Cvi\u010den\u00ed na z\u00e1v\u011br [\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text] Jednou z variant, jak vyj\u00e1d\u0159it minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b, je perfektum. Vysv\u011btl\u00edme v\u00e1m, co perfektum je a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1525,"featured_media":107233,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[321],"tags":[989],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.10 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Perfektum (Perfekt) - Minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b - SoGood Languages<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"U\u010d\u00edte se minul\u00fd \u010das v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b a z\u00e1pas\u00edte s perfektem? 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