{"id":79741,"date":"2016-10-10T13:33:10","date_gmt":"2016-10-10T11:33:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/nemcina\/?p=68532"},"modified":"2021-03-12T14:32:40","modified_gmt":"2021-03-12T13:32:40","slug":"clen-v-nemcine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/clen-v-nemcine\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010clen v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

P\u0159ed podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159ed jemu p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem) stoj\u00ed obvykle \u010dlen, kter\u00fd sou\u010dasn\u011b vyjad\u0159uje rod podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na. Stejn\u011b jako nap\u0159. v angli\u010dtin\u011b existuje i v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b \u010dlen ur\u010dit\u00fd a \u010dlen neur\u010dit\u00fd. Ve zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no bez \u010dlenu, hovo\u0159\u00edme potom o tzv. \u010dlenu nulov\u00e9m (viz n\u00ed\u017ee).<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]\u010ce\u0161tina se \u010dleny nepracuje, nicm\u00e9n\u011b v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b jsou nezbytn\u00e9 a nelze je ve v\u011bt\u00e1ch vynech\u00e1vat.
\nPAMATUJ:<\/strong>
\nPokud se v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b setk\u00e1me s nov\u00fdm podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, je nutn\u00e9 se ho nau\u010dit se \u010dlenem! Jin\u00fdmi slovy – je t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt, zda je podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho (der), \u017eensk\u00e9ho (die) \u010di st\u0159edn\u00edho (das).<\/p>\n

Pozor!<\/strong> Rod podstatn\u00fdch jmen v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b nemus\u00ed odpov\u00eddat rodu podstatn\u00fdch jmen v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b.
\np\u0159.: der Garten (mu\u017esk\u00fd rod) zahrada (\u017eensk\u00fd rod)
\ndie See (\u017eensk\u00fd rod) mo\u0159e (st\u0159edn\u00ed rod)
\ndas Bild (st\u0159edn\u00ed rod) obraz (mu\u017esk\u00fd rod)<\/p>\n

\u010clen m\u00e1 v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b n\u011bkolik funkc\u00ed:<\/strong>
\na) ozna\u010duje gramatick\u00fd rod podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na
\nder (ein) Mann – mu\u017esk\u00fd rod, die (eine) Frau – \u017eensk\u00fd rod, das (ein) Kind – st\u0159edn\u00ed rod<\/i><\/p>\n

b) vyjad\u0159uje p\u00e1d a \u010d\u00edslo podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na
\ndem (einem) Mann – 3. p\u00e1d, jednotn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo<\/i><\/p>\n

c) pomoc\u00ed \u010dlenu m\u016f\u017eeme v\u011bt\u0161inu slov tzv. substantizovat, to znamen\u00e1 vytvo\u0159it z nich
\npodstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no
\nsingen (zp\u00edvat – sloveso) – das Singen (zp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed – podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no), eins (jedna – \u010d\u00edslovka) – die Eins (jedni\u010dka – podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u010clen neur\u010dit\u00fd<\/h3>\n

ein<\/strong> (mu\u017esk\u00fd rod), eine<\/strong> (\u017eensk\u00fd rod), ein<\/strong> (st\u0159edn\u00ed rod)
\n-> Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se, pokud jde o osoby \u010di v\u011bci nezn\u00e1m\u00e9, v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 nebo poprv\u00e9 zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9.
\n-> Do \u010de\u0161tiny se obvykle nep\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1, ale v\u00fdznamov\u011b mu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159eklad „n\u011bjak\u00fd“, „n\u011bjak\u00e1“, „n\u011bjak\u00e9“ nebo „jeden“, jedna“, „jedno“.
\np\u0159<\/strong>.: Hast du eine Frage? – M\u00e1\u0161 n\u011bjak\u00fd (jeden) dotaz?
\n-> Nem\u00e1 tvar mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla, podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no pak stoj\u00ed bez \u010dlenu.
\np\u0159<\/strong>.: Hast du Fragen? – M\u00e1\u0161 (n\u011bjak\u00e9) ot\u00e1zky?<\/p>\n

Sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed neur\u010dit\u00e9ho \u010dlenu<\/strong>
\nTvar neur\u010dit\u00e9ho \u010dlenu z\u00e1vis\u00ed nejen na rodu podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na, ale i na jeho p\u00e1du, \u010dlen tedy mus\u00edme spolu s podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem sklo\u0148ovat. N\u011bm\u010dina m\u00e1 na rozd\u00edl od \u010de\u0161tiny pouze \u010dty\u0159i p\u00e1dy.
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
<\/th>fahren (jet)<\/th>sprechen (mluvit)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
2. osoba jedn. \u010d.<\/td>fahr(e)! <\/td>sprich!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>fahrt!<\/td>sprecht!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>fahren wir!<\/td>sprechen wir!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>fahren Sie!<\/td>sprechen Sie!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nNeur\u010dit\u00fd \u010dlen nem\u00e1 v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m rodu tvar mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla:
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
<\/th>sein (b\u00fdt)<\/th>haben (m\u00edt)<\/th>werden (st\u00e1t se)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
2. osoba jedn. \u010d.<\/td>sei! <\/td>habe! <\/td>werde!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>seid! <\/td>habt!<\/td>werdet!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>seien wir! <\/td>haben wir!<\/td>werden wir!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>seien Sie! <\/td>haben Sie!<\/td>werden Sie!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/p>\n

\u010clen ur\u010dit\u00fd<\/h3>\n

der<\/strong> (mu\u017esk\u00fd rod), die<\/strong> (\u017eensk\u00fd rod), das<\/strong> (st\u0159edn\u00ed rod); die<\/strong> (mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo pro v\u0161echny rody)
\n-> Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se, pokud jde o osoby \u010di v\u011bci zn\u00e1m\u00e9, konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed nebo ji\u017e zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9.
\n-> Do \u010de\u0161tiny se obvykle nep\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1, v\u00fdznamov\u011b mu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159eklad „ten“, „ta“, „to“, „ti“.
\np\u0159.:<\/strong> Das Haus ist sehr sch\u00f6n. – Ten d\u016fm je velmi p\u011bkn\u00fd.
\nSklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho \u010dlenu<\/strong>
\nTvar ur\u010dit\u00e9ho \u010dlenu z\u00e1vis\u00ed nejen na rodu podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na, ale i na jeho p\u00e1du, \u010dlen ur\u010dit\u00fd tedy mus\u00edme spolu s podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem sklo\u0148ovat.
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
<\/th>aufr\u00e4umen (ukl\u00edzet)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
2. osoba jedn. \u010d.<\/td> r\u00e4ume auf<\/strong>!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>r\u00e4umt auf<\/strong>!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>r\u00e4umen wir auf<\/strong>!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>r\u00e4umen Sie auf<\/strong>!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nTvar ur\u010dit\u00e9ho \u010dlenu je pro v\u0161echny rody stejn\u00fd:
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
<\/th>sich vorstellen (p\u0159edstavit si)<\/th>sich vorstellen (p\u0159edstavit se)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
2. osoba jedn. \u010d.<\/td>stell(e) dir<\/strong> vor!<\/td>stell(e) dich<\/strong> vor!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>stellt euch<\/strong> vor!<\/td>stellt euch<\/strong> vor!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>stellen wir uns<\/strong> vor!<\/td>stellen wir uns<\/strong> vor!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. osoba mn. \u010d.<\/td>stellen Sie sich<\/strong> vor!<\/td>stellen Sie sich<\/strong> vor!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/p>\n

Shrnut\u00ed:<\/h3>\n

A\u017e na v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady (viz n\u00ed\u017ee – nulov\u00fd \u010dlen<\/strong>) mus\u00ed st\u00e1t v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b p\u0159ed ka\u017ed\u00fdm podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem \u010dlen – ur\u010dit\u00fd nebo neur\u010dit\u00fd, podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no nem\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t samostatn\u011b. \u010clen m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nahrazen jin\u00fdm „determin\u00e1torem“ v podob\u011b nap\u0159. p\u0159ivlast\u0148ovac\u00edho z\u00e1jmena, ukazovac\u00edho z\u00e1jmena \u010di \u010d\u00edslovky (viz dal\u0161\u00ed kapitoly).
\np\u0159.:<\/strong> ein Mann, der Mann, mein Mann, dieser Mann, zwei M\u00e4nner<\/em>
\nKdy pou\u017eijeme v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b \u010dlen neur\u010dit\u00fd – ein, eine, ein?<\/strong>
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
po\u010det v\u00fdukov\u00fdch obrazovek a cvi\u010den\u00ed<\/th>150+<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
doporu\u010den\u00e1 d\u00e9lka studia<\/td>4 m\u011bs\u00edce dle intenzity studia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
po\u010det slov\u00ed\u010dek a fr\u00e1z\u00ed<\/td>500+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
v\u00fdklady v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b<\/td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
p\u0159eklady slov\u00ed\u010dek do \u010de\u0161tiny<\/td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mo\u017enost voliteln\u00fdch skype lekc\u00ed<\/td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vyu\u010dovac\u00ed metody<\/td>komunikativn\u00ed, direktivn\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vstupn\u00ed po\u017eadavky na studenta<\/td>\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nKdy pou\u017eijeme v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b \u010dlen ur\u010dit\u00fd – der, die, das; die?<\/strong>
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
po\u010det v\u00fdukov\u00fdch obrazovek a cvi\u010den\u00ed<\/th>400+<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
doporu\u010den\u00e1 d\u00e9lka studia<\/td>4 m\u011bs\u00edce dle intenzity studia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
po\u010det slov\u00ed\u010dek a fr\u00e1z\u00ed<\/td>1100+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
v\u00fdklady v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b<\/td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
p\u0159eklady slov\u00ed\u010dek do \u010de\u0161tiny<\/td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mo\u017enost voliteln\u00fdch skype lekc\u00ed<\/td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vyu\u010dovac\u00ed metody<\/td>komunikativn\u00ed, direktivn\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vstupn\u00ed po\u017eadavky na studenta<\/td>\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nKdy pou\u017eijeme v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b \u010dlen nulov\u00fd (podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no stoj\u00ed bez \u010dlenu)?<\/strong>
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
po\u010det v\u00fdukov\u00fdch obrazovek a cvi\u010den\u00ed<\/th>100+<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
doporu\u010den\u00e1 d\u00e9lka studia<\/td>1 m\u011bs\u00edc dle intenzity studia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
po\u010det slov\u00ed\u010dek a fr\u00e1z\u00ed<\/td>250+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
v\u00fdklady v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b<\/td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
p\u0159eklady slov\u00ed\u010dek do \u010de\u0161tiny<\/td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mo\u017enost voliteln\u00fdch skype lekc\u00ed<\/td>ano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vyu\u010dovac\u00ed metody<\/td>komunikativn\u00ed, direktivn\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vstupn\u00ed po\u017eadavky na studenta<\/td>\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jak\u00fd \u010dlen pou\u017e\u00edt u slova auto? Kdy se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u010dlen ur\u010dit\u00fd, neur\u010dit\u00fd \u010di nulov\u00fd? S t\u00edm v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nek „\u010clen v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b“. U\u010dte se spole\u010dn\u011b s n\u00e1mi na SoGood.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1525,"featured_media":79606,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[321],"tags":[989],"yoast_head":"\n\u010clen v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b - SoGood Languages<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jak\u00fd \u010dlen pou\u017e\u00edt u slova auto? Kdy se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u010dlen ur\u010dit\u00fd, neur\u010dit\u00fd \u010di nulov\u00fd? S t\u00edm v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee \u010dl\u00e1nek "\u010clen v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b". 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