{"id":79742,"date":"2016-10-13T14:59:51","date_gmt":"2016-10-13T12:59:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/nemcina\/?p=68621"},"modified":"2021-03-12T14:32:08","modified_gmt":"2021-03-12T13:32:08","slug":"podstatna-jmena-v-nemcine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.sogoodlanguages.com\/cs\/podstatna-jmena-v-nemcine\/","title":{"rendered":"Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b ozna\u010duj\u00ed stejn\u011b jako v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b osoby (der Vater), zv\u00ed\u0159ata (die Katze), v\u011bci (das Heft) a abstraktn\u00ed pojmy (die Liebe). Rozli\u0161ujeme u nich rod, \u010d\u00edslo a p\u00e1d.<\/h2>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Na rozd\u00edl od \u010de\u0161tiny se v\u017edy p\u00ed\u0161ou s velk\u00fdm po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm p\u00edsmenem<\/strong> a tak\u00e9 mus\u00ed st\u00e1t se \u010dlenem<\/strong> (ur\u010dit\u00fdm, neur\u010dit\u00fdm, v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b nulov\u00fdm) \u010di jin\u00fdm determin\u00e1torem v podob\u011b nap\u0159. p\u0159ivlast\u0148ovac\u00edho z\u00e1jmena, ukazovac\u00edho z\u00e1jmena nebo \u010d\u00edslovky viz. kapitola \u010clen v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b<\/a>.
\nP\u00e1dy m\u00e1 n\u011bm\u010dina pouze \u010dty\u0159i:<\/p>\n

1. p\u00e1d – wer (kdo), was (co)
\n2. p\u00e1d – wessen (\u010d\u00ed)
\n3. p\u00e1d – wem (komu)
\n4. p\u00e1d – wen, was (koho, co)<\/p>\n

M\u00edsto \u010desk\u00e9ho 5. p\u00e1du se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 1. p\u00e1d, m\u00edsto \u010desk\u00e9ho 6. a 7. p\u00e1du se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zpravidla podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no s p\u0159edlo\u017ekou (viz. kapitola P\u0159edlo\u017eky v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b).<\/p>\n

Sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podstatn\u00fdch jmen<\/h3>\n

N\u011bm\u010dina m\u00e1 3 typy sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podstatn\u00fdch jmen – siln\u00e9<\/strong> (nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 u podstatn\u00fdch jmen rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho a st\u0159edn\u00edho), slab\u00e9<\/strong> (n\u011bkter\u00e1 podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho) a sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9<\/strong> (v\u011bt\u0161ina podstatn\u00fdch jmen rodu \u017eensk\u00e9ho) .
\nK jak\u00e9mu typu sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no pat\u0159\u00ed, tedy jak se budou tvo\u0159it tvary jednotn\u00e9ho a mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla, zjist\u00edme jednodu\u0161e ze slovn\u00edkov\u00e9ho z\u00e1pisu, a to podle koncovek, kter\u00e9 jsou za podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem uvedeny (za podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem je uvedena zpravidla koncovka 2. p\u00e1du jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla, za n\u00ed stoj\u00ed 1. p\u00e1d mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla).
\n\n\n\n\n\t
aus, bei, gegen\u00fcber, mit, nach, seit, von, zu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nSiln\u00e9 sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podstatn\u00fdch jmen s neur\u010dit\u00fd \u010dlenem<\/strong><\/p>\n

-> v rod\u011b mu\u017esk\u00e9m a st\u0159edn\u00edm p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me k podstatn\u00e9mu jm\u00e9nu v 2. p\u00e1d\u011b jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla koncovku -(e)s<\/strong>
\n-> ve v\u0161ech rodech p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me k podstatn\u00e9mu jm\u00e9nu ve 3. p\u00e1d\u011b mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla koncovku<\/strong>-n<\/strong>, pokud ji\u017e nen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tvaru mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla anebo pokud nen\u00ed mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na tvo\u0159eno koncovkou -s (die Autos)
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
j. \u010d.<\/th>rod mu\u017esk\u00fd<\/th>rod \u017eensk\u00fd<\/th>rod st\u0159edn\u00ed<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1. p\u00e1d<\/td>ein Vater<\/td>eine Nacht<\/td>ein Kind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. p\u00e1d<\/td>eines Vaters<\/strong><\/td>einer Nacht<\/td>eines Kind(e)s<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. p\u00e1d<\/td>einem Vater<\/td>einer Nacht<\/td>einem Kind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. p\u00e1d<\/td>einen Vater<\/td>eine Nacht<\/td>ein Kind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nNeur\u010dit\u00fd \u010dlen nem\u00e1 mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo, podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no bude st\u00e1t bez \u010dlenu (\u010dlen nulov\u00fd):
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t
2.p\u00e1d<\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
innerhalb<\/td>innerhalb der Ferien (b\u011bhem pr\u00e1zdnin) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
w\u00e4hrend<\/td>w\u00e4hrend unseres Urlaubs (b\u011bhem na\u0161\u00ed dovolen\u00e9)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nSiln\u00e9 sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podstatn\u00fdch jmen s ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010dlenem<\/strong>
\nPodstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na maj\u00ed stejn\u00fd tvar jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed se \u010dlenem neur\u010dit\u00fdm, plat\u00ed tedy stejn\u00e1 pravidla, \u017ee:
\n-> v rod\u011b mu\u017esk\u00e9m a st\u0159edn\u00edm p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me k podstatn\u00e9mu jm\u00e9nu v 2. p\u00e1d\u011b jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla koncovku -(e)s<\/strong>
\n-> ve v\u0161ech rodech p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me k podstatn\u00e9mu jm\u00e9nu ve 3. p\u00e1d\u011b mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla koncovku -n<\/strong>, pokud ji\u017e nen\u00ed tato koncovka sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tvaru mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla (der Wagen – die Wagen) anebo pokud nen\u00ed mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na tvo\u0159eno koncovkou -s (das Auto – die Autos)
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
3.p\u00e1d<\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
ab<\/td>ab n\u00e4chstem Monat (od p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho m\u011bs\u00edce), von heute ab (ode dne\u0161ka)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
binnen<\/td>binnen einem Jahr (do, b\u011bhem jednoho roku) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mit <\/td>mit zwanzig (Jahren) (ve dvaceti letech) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nach<\/td>nach dem Unterricht (po vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
seit<\/td>seit vorigem Jahr (u\u017e od minul\u00e9ho roku)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
an<\/td>am Sonntag (v ned\u011bli)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
in<\/td>im Juli (v \u010dervenci), im Sommer (v l\u00e9t\u011b), im Jahre 2011 (v roce 2011), in drei Tagen (za t\u0159i dny)
\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
von - bis<\/td>von zehn bis zw\u00f6lf (Uhr) (od des\u00edti do dvan\u00e1cti hodin)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vor<\/td>vor einem Monat (p\u0159ed m\u011bs\u00edcem), vor f\u00fcnf Uhr (p\u0159ed p\u00e1tou hodinou)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
zwischen<\/td>zwischen zw\u00f6lf und zwei (Uhr) (mezi dvan\u00e1ctou a druhou hodinou)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nV mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle maj\u00ed v\u0161echny rody v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m p\u00e1d\u011b toto\u017en\u00fd tvar \u010dlenu:
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
4.p\u00e1d<\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
bis<\/td>bis n\u00e4chstes Jahr (do p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho roku)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
f\u00fcr<\/td>f\u00fcr zwei Wochen (na dva t\u00fddny)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
gegen<\/td>gegen Mitternacht (kolem p\u016flnoci)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
um<\/td>um sechs Uhr (v \u0161est hodin), um f\u00fcnf Minuten (za p\u011bt minut) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00fcber<\/td>\u00fcber das Wochenende (p\u0159es v\u00edkend)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nSlab\u00e9 sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podstatn\u00fdch jmen:<\/strong>
\n-> krom\u011b 1. p\u00e1du jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla m\u00e1 podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no v\u0161ude koncovku -(e)n
\n-> t\u00fdk\u00e1 se pouze n\u011bkter\u00fdch podstatn\u00fdch jmen rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho:<\/p>\n

\u2022 v\u0161echna podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed na -e, kter\u00e1 ozna\u010duj\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti
\np\u0159.: der Junge (chlapec), der Neffe (synovec), der Kollege (kolega), der Franz\u00f6se (Francouz), der Kunde (z\u00e1kazn\u00edk), der Hase (zaj\u00edc), der Affe (opice), …<\/p>\n

\u2022 podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na ciz\u00edho p\u016fvodu kon\u010d\u00edc\u00ed na -ant, -ent, -ist , -oge
\np\u0159.: der Elefant (slon), der Student (student), der Tourist (turista), der Biologe (biologie)<\/p>\n

\u2022 n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch podstatn\u00fdch jmen
\np\u0159.: der Mensch (\u010dlov\u011bk), der Nachbar (soused), der Herr (mu\u017e)
\npozn.: V tabulce uv\u00e1d\u00edme ji\u017e pouze podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no se \u010dlenem ur\u010dit\u00fdm.
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
P\u0159edlo\u017eky se 4. p\u00e1dem<\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
bis<\/strong> - (a\u017e) do<\/td>bis n\u00e4chste Woche (a\u017e do p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho t\u00fddne), bis Prag (a\u017e do Prahy)
\nPAMATUJ!<\/strong> Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se bez \u010dlenu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
durch<\/strong> - skrz, p\u0159es; prost\u00fd 7. p\u00e1d<\/td>durch den Park (p\u0159es park, parkem), durch Zufall (n\u00e1hodou)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
f\u00fcr<\/strong> - pro, za, na (\u010dasov\u011b)<\/td>f\u00fcr dich (pro tebe), f\u00fcr 100 Euro (za 100 euro), f\u00fcr zwei Wochen (na dva t\u00fddny)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
gegen<\/strong> - proti, za, kolem (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b)<\/td>Sparta gegen Slavia (Sparta proti Slavii), gegen Bargeld za hotov\u00e9 pen\u00edze), gegen Mittag (kolem poledne) ohne <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ohne<\/strong> - bez<\/td>ohne mich (beze mne) PAMATUJ!<\/strong> Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se \u010dasto bez \u010dlenu - ohne Geld (bez pen\u011bz), ohne Liebe (bez l\u00e1sky), ohne Hilfe (bez pomoci)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
um<\/strong> - kolem (m\u00edstn\u011b), za, o (\u010dasov\u011b), v (\u010dasov\u011b)<\/td>um den Tisch (kolem stolu), um die Ecke (za rohem), um 10 Minuten (za 10 minut), um 5 Uhr (v p\u011bt hodin)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
entlang<\/strong> - pod\u00e9l<\/td>PAMATUJ!<\/strong> Pokud stoj\u00ed za podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, poj\u00ed se se 4. p\u00e1dem - den Fluss entlang (pod\u00e9l \u0159eky). Pokud stoj\u00ed p\u0159ed podstatn\u00fdm\t jm\u00e9nem, poj\u00ed se se 3. p\u00e1dem (z\u0159\u00eddka s 2. p\u00e1dem) - entlang dem Fluss, (entlang des Flusses) (pod\u00e9l \u0159eky)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wider<\/strong> - proti<\/td>wider aller Erwartung (proti v\u0161emu o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed). Zastaral\u00e1 p\u0159edlo\u017eka, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v\u011bt\u0161inou pouze v ust\u00e1len\u00fdch spojen\u00edch.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nPozor!<\/strong> Podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no der Herr<\/strong> m\u00e1 v 2., 3. a 4. p\u00e1d\u011b jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla koncovku -n<\/strong>, ale ve v\u0161ech p\u00e1dech mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla koncovku -en<\/strong>. Je to v\u00fdjimka.
\npozn.: V tabulce uv\u00e1d\u00edme ji\u017e pouze podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no se \u010dlenem ur\u010dit\u00fdm.
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t
m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9: <\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
au\u03b2er, binnen, dank, entgegen, gem\u00e4\u03b2, zuwider<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nSm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podstatn\u00fdch jmen<\/strong>
\n-> v jednotn\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle<\/strong> se sklo\u0148uj\u00ed siln\u011b<\/strong> – p\u0159ib\u00edraj\u00ed koncovku -(e)s<\/strong> ve 2. p\u00e1d\u011b<\/strong> u podstatn\u00fdch jmen mu\u017esk\u00e9ho a st\u0159edn\u00edho rodu
\n-> v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle<\/strong> se sklo\u0148uj\u00ed slab\u011b<\/strong> – p\u0159ib\u00edraj\u00ed koncovku -(e)n ve v\u0161ech p\u00e1dech i rodech<\/strong>
\n-> pat\u0159\u00ed sem n\u011bkolik podstatn\u00fdch jmen rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho (der Staat – st\u00e1t, der Strahl – paprsek) a st\u0159edn\u00edho (das Ende – konec, das Bett -postel), v\u011bt\u0161ina podstatn\u00fdch jmen rodu \u017eensk\u00e9ho.
\npozn.: V tabulce uv\u00e1d\u00edme ji\u017e pouze podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no se \u010dlenem ur\u010dit\u00fdm.
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t
nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9: <\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
bis, durch, f\u00fcr, gegen, ohne, um<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nV mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle maj\u00ed v\u0161echny rody v p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9m p\u00e1d\u011b toto\u017en\u00fd tvar \u010dlenu:
\npozn.: V tabulce uv\u00e1d\u00edme ji\u017e pouze podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no se \u010dlenem ur\u010dit\u00fdm.
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t
m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9: <\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
entlang, wider<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nV n\u011bm\u010din\u011b je\u0161t\u011b existuje n\u011bkolik podstatn\u00fdch jmen se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm (nepravideln\u00fdm) typem sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong>
\n-> rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho<\/strong>
\nder Buchstabe (p\u00edsmeno), der Fels (sk\u00e1la), der Frieden (m\u00edr), der Funke (jiskra), der Gedanke (my\u0161lenka), der Glaube (v\u00edra), der Haufen (hromada), der Name (jm\u00e9no), der Samen (semeno), der Wille (v\u016fle)<\/em>
\nV 2. p\u00e1d\u011b jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla<\/strong> se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 koncovka -e(n)s<\/strong>, v ostatn\u00edch p\u00e1dech je koncovka -(e)n:<\/strong>
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t
Jsou u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v odborn\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di.<\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
angesichts, anl\u00e4sslich, anstatt (statt), anstelle, aufgrund, au\u03b2erhalb, dank, diesseits, infolge, inmitten, innerhalb, jenseits, l\u00e4ngs, mittels, oberhalb, seitens, trotz, um...willen, unterhalb, unweit, w\u00e4hrend, wegen, zugunsten<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n-> rodu st\u0159edn\u00edho –\u00a0<\/strong>das Herz (srdce)<\/em>
\nV 1. a 4. p\u00e1d\u011b jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla<\/strong> je podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no bez<\/strong> koncovky, ve 2. p\u00e1d\u011b jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla<\/strong> se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 koncovka -ens<\/strong>, v ostatn\u00edch p\u00e1dech je koncovka -en<\/strong>:
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
angesichts<\/strong> - vzhledem k<\/th>angesichts der Umst\u00e4nde (vzhledem k okolnostem)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
anl\u00e4sslich<\/strong> - p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti <\/td>anl\u00e4sslich seines Geburtstags (p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti jeho narozenin)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
anstatt, statt<\/strong> - m\u00edsto, za\t<\/td>statt deines Bruders (m\u00edsto tv\u00e9ho bratra)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
anstelle<\/strong>- (na)m\u00edsto (v zastoupen\u00ed)<\/td>anstelle seiner Mutter (nam\u00edsto jeho matky)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
aufgrund<\/strong> - na z\u00e1klad\u011b, kv\u016fli<\/td>aufgrund einer Empfehlung (na z\u00e1klad\u011b doporu\u010den\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
au\u03b2erhalb<\/strong> - mimo, vn\u011b<\/td>au\u03b2erhalb der Arbeitszeit (mimo pracovn\u00ed dobu), au\u03b2erhalb der Stadt (mimo m\u011bsto)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dank<\/strong> - d\u00edky<\/td>dank seiner Hilfe (d\u00edky jeho pomoci)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
diesseits<\/strong> - z t\u00e9to strany, na t\u00e9to stran\u011b<\/td>diesseits des Flusses (na t\u00e9to stran\u011b \u0159eky)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
infolge<\/strong> - pro, v d\u016fsledku<\/td>infolge des Unfalls (n\u00e1sledkem nehody)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
inmitten<\/strong> - uprost\u0159ed<\/td>inmitten der Stadt (uprost\u0159ed m\u011bsta) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
innerhalb<\/strong> - uvnit\u0159, v, b\u011bhem<\/td>innerhalb des Hauses (uvnit\u0159 domu), innerhalb der Ferien (b\u011bhem pr\u00e1zdnin)\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
jenseits<\/strong> - na on\u00e9 stran\u011b, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b<\/td>jenseits der Grenze (na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b hranice)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
l\u00e4ngs<\/strong> - pod\u00e9l, podle<\/td>l\u00e4ngs des Flusses (pod\u00e9l \u0159eky)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mittels<\/strong> - (s) pomoc\u00ed \u010deho, skrze co<\/td>mittels der Bank (prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm banky)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
oberhalb<\/strong> - nad<\/td>oberhalb des Gipfels (nad vrcholem)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
seitens<\/strong> - ze strany<\/td>seitens des Staates (ze strany st\u00e1tu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
trotz<\/strong> - navzdory, i p\u0159es<\/td>trotz des schlechten Wetters (navzdory \u0161patn\u00e9mu po\u010das\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
um...willen<\/strong> - kv\u016fli, pro<\/td>um meiner Eltern willen (kv\u016fli m\u00fdm rodi\u010d\u016fm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
unterhalb<\/strong> - pod<\/td>uterhalb der Schale (pod slupkou)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
unweit<\/strong>- nedaleko, opod\u00e1l<\/td>unweit unseres Hauses (nedaleko na\u0161eho domu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
w\u00e4hrend<\/strong> - b\u011bhem, p\u0159i<\/td>w\u00e4hrend unseres Urlaubs (b\u011bhem na\u0161\u00ed dovolen\u00e9)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
wegen<\/strong> - pro, kv\u016fli<\/td>wegen jeder Kleinigkeit (kv\u016fli ka\u017ed\u00e9 mali\u010dkosti) PAMATUJ!<\/strong> Ve spojen\u00ed s osobn\u00edmi z\u00e1jmeny tvo\u0159\u00ed \"wegen\" slo\u017eeniny - meinetwegen (kv\u016fli m\u011b), ihretwegen (kv\u016fli n\u00ed)\t\t\t
\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
zugunsten<\/strong> - ve prosp\u011bch<\/td>zugunsten der Kinder (ve prosp\u011bch d\u011bt\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nPAMATUJ:<\/strong>
\nNen\u00ed t\u0159eba nutn\u011b si pamatovat detaily o typech sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed (siln\u00e9, slab\u00e9, sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9). Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 s nov\u00fdm podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem nau\u010dit se jeho \u010dlen (rod), tvar 2. p\u00e1du jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla (sta\u010d\u00ed pouze u mu\u017esk\u00e9ho a st\u0159edn\u00edho rodu, nebo\u0165 \u017eensk\u00fd rod \u017e\u00e1dnou koncovku nep\u0159ib\u00edr\u00e1) a tvar mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla. Potom u\u017e budete schopni podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no bez probl\u00e9mu vysklo\u0148ovat v obou \u010d\u00edslech.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edslo podstatn\u00fdch jmen<\/h3>\n

-> Stejn\u011b jako v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b, tak i v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b maj\u00ed podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na dvoj\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo – \u010d\u00edslo jednotn\u00e9 a \u010d\u00edslo mno\u017en\u00e9<\/strong>. (Zp\u016fsobu tvo\u0159en\u00ed mno\u017en\u00e9ho se v\u011bnujeme n\u00ed\u017ee.)
\n-> Takt\u00e9\u017e stejn\u011b jako v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b i v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b existuj\u00ed podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, kter\u00e1 se vyskytuj\u00ed pouze v \u010d\u00edsle jednotn\u00e9m:
\n\u2022 jm\u00e9na l\u00e1tkov\u00e1<\/strong> – das Wasser (voda), die Milch (ml\u00e9ko)
\n\u2022 hromadn\u00e1<\/strong> – die Bev\u00f6lkerung (obyvatelstvo), die Menschheit (lidstvo)
\n\u2022 abstrakta<\/strong> – der Flei\u03b2 (p\u00edle)<\/p>\n

-> Jin\u00e1 podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na maj\u00ed naopak pouze tvar mo\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla – podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na pomno\u017en\u00e1:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 n\u00e1zvy poho\u0159\u00ed, souostrov\u00ed a n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00ed – die Alpen, die Asoren, die USA
\n\u2022 skupiny osob – die Eltern (rodi\u010de)
\n\u2022 \u010dasov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed – die Ferien (pr\u00e1zdniny)
\n\u2022 n\u011bkter\u00e1 nemoci – die Pocken (ne\u0161tovice)
\n\u2022 n\u011bkter\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed a obchodn\u00ed pojmy – die Kosten (n\u00e1klady), die Finanzen (finance)
\n-> N\u011bkter\u00e1 podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na maj\u00ed v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle dva tvary s r\u016fzn\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem:
\np\u0159.:
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t
Nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9: <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
aus, bei, gegen\u00fcber, mit, nach, seit, von, zu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n-> V mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle m\u00e1 podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no bu\u010f stejn\u00fd tvar jako \u010d\u00edslo jednotn\u00e9, nebo p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me n\u011bkter\u00e9 koncovky, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159ehlasujeme samohl\u00e1sku \u010di dvojhl\u00e1sku.
\nV p\u0159ehledu uv\u00e1d\u00edme z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidla tvo\u0159en\u00ed mno\u017en\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla podstatn\u00fdch jmen:<\/p>\n

ROD MU\u017dSK\u00dd<\/strong>
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t
M\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9: <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
au\u03b2er, binnen, dank, entgegen, gem\u00e4\u03b2, zuwider<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nROD \u017dENSK\u00dd<\/strong>
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
P\u0159edlo\u017eky se 3. p\u00e1dem<\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
aus <\/strong>- z, ze<\/td>aus dem Schrank (ze sk\u0159\u00edn\u011b), aus der Schule (ze \u0161koly)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
bei<\/strong> - u, p\u0159i<\/td>bei dir (u tebe), bei den Eltern (u rodi\u010d\u016f)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
gegen\u00fcber<\/strong> - naproti, v\u016f\u010di<\/td>gegen\u00fcber der Post - der Post gegen\u00fcber (naproti po\u0161t\u011b)
\nPOZOR!<\/strong> Poj\u00ed-li se p\u0159edlo\u017eka gegen\u00fcber s osobn\u00edm z\u00e1jmenem, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b vlastn\u00edm jm\u00e9nem, stoj\u00ed v\u017edy a\u017e za n\u00edm.
\nmir gegen\u00fcber (v\u016f\u010di m\u011b)
\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mit<\/strong> - s, se nebo prost\u00fd 7. p\u00e1d<\/td>mit meinem Freund (s m\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edtelem), mit dem Auto (autem)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
nach<\/strong> - po, podle, do (m\u00edstn\u011b)\t<\/td>nach dem Unterricht (po vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed), nach dir (po tob\u011b, podle tebe), nach Prag (do Prahy)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
seit<\/strong> - od (v minulosti), u\u017e (\u010dasov\u011b)<\/td>seit letztem Sommer (od minul\u00e9ho l\u00e9ta), seit zwei Jahren (u\u017e dva\troky)
\nPOZOR!<\/strong> Pokud d\u011bj za\u010dne v budoucnosti, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se p\u0159edlo\u017eka ab<\/strong> (od).
\nSrovnej:<\/strong> seit gestern (od v\u010derej\u0161ka) x ab morgen (od z\u00edt\u0159ka)
\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
von<\/strong> - o, od, z, ze; m\u00edsto 2. p\u00e1du<\/td>von der Tante (o tet\u011b, od tety), jeder von uns (ka\u017ed\u00fd z \t\t\t\t\tn\u00e1s); die Tasche von Sandra (Sand\u0159ina ta\u0161ka) PAMATUJ<\/strong>! von 8 bis 12 Uhr (od 8 do 12 hodin) - \u010dasov\u011b \t\t\t\t\tohrani\u010den\u00fd d\u011bj von Prag nach Wien (z Prahy do V\u00eddn\u011b
\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
zu<\/strong> - k, ke, na, do, pro, o<\/td>zum Geburtstag (k narozenin\u00e1m), zum Bahnhof (na n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed), zur Arbeit (do pr\u00e1ce), zum Lachen (pro sm\u00edch, k sm\u00edchu), zu Weihnachten (o V\u00e1noc\u00edch)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
au\u03b2er<\/strong> - krom\u011b, mimo\t<\/td>au\u03b2er dir (krom\u011b tebe)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
binnen<\/strong> - do, za (pr\u016fb\u011bh)<\/td>binnen einer Woche (do jednoho t\u00fddne)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
dank<\/strong> - d\u00edky, z\u00e1sluhou<\/td>dank seiner Hilfe (d\u00edky jeho pomoci) PAMATU!<\/strong> Tato p\u0159edlo\u017eka se poj\u00ed i se 2. p\u00e1dem. Ten se up\u0159ednost\u0148uje v mno\u017en\u00e9m \u010d\u00edsle. dank deinen Erfahrungen (d\u00edky tv\u00fdm zku\u0161enostem)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
entgegen<\/strong> - proti<\/td>entgegen dem Befehl = dem Befehl entgegen (proti rozkazu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
gem\u00e4\u03b2<\/strong> - podle, v souladu<\/td>v\u011bt\u0161inou stoj\u00ed za podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem - den Vorschriften gem\u00e4\u03b2 (podle p\u0159edpis\u016f)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
zuwider<\/strong> - proti, v rozporu<\/td>stoj\u00ed za podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem - dem Gesetz zuwider (v \t\t\t\t\trozporu se z\u00e1konem)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/p>\n

ROD ST\u0158EDN\u00cd<\/strong>
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t
Nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9: <\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
bis, durch, f\u00fcr, gegen, ohne, um<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/p>\n

Rod podstatn\u00fdch jmen<\/h3>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b jsou podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na troj\u00edho rodu – mu\u017esk\u00e9ho, \u017eensk\u00e9ho a st\u0159edn\u00edho. Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee rod podstatn\u00fdch jmen v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b nemus\u00ed odpov\u00eddat rodu podstatn\u00fdch jmen v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b. Proto je t\u0159eba nau\u010dit se spole\u010dn\u011b s nov\u00fdm podstatn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem tak\u00e9 jeho rod, resp. \u010dlen.
\nder Garten (mu\u017esk\u00fd rod) -> zahrada (\u017eensk\u00fd rod)
\ndie See (\u017eensk\u00fd rod) -> mo\u0159e (st\u0159edn\u00ed rod)
\ndas Bild (st\u0159edn\u00ed rod) -> obraz (mu\u017esk\u00fd rod)<\/p>\n

U n\u011bkter\u00fdch podstatn\u00fdch jmen m\u00e1 v\u00fdraz r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy v z\u00e1vislosti na \u010dlenu.
\nder Band, mn.\u010d. die B\u00e4nde -> svazek knih
\ndie Band, mn.\u010d. die Bands -> kapela (nap\u0159. d\u017eezov\u00e1)
\ndas Band, mn.\u010d. die Bande -> pouto, okovy
\ndas Band, mn.\u010d. die B\u00e4nder -> stuha, tkani\u010dka<\/p>\n

der See, mn.\u010d. die Seen -> jezero
\ndie See, mn.\u010d. die See -> mo\u0159e<\/p>\n

Pokud podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no nezn\u00e1me a nem\u00e1me k ruce slovn\u00edk, lze si jeho rod odvodit dle n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch pravidel (neplat\u00ed v\u0161ak stoprocentn\u011b!), a to podle
\na) p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti slova ke kategorii slov v\u00fdznamov\u011b nad\u0159azen\u00fdch (nap\u0159. dny v t\u00fddnu)
\nb) typick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpony
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t
M\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9: <\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
entlang, wider<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t
P\u0159edlo\u017eky se 3. a 4. p\u00e1dem<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
an, auf, hinter, in, neben, \u00fcber, unter, vor, zwischen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t
Osoba<\/th>jednotn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo<\/th>mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1. <\/td>ich habe<\/td>wir haben<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. <\/td>du hast<\/td>ihr habt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. <\/td>er, sie, es hat<\/td>sie, Sie haben<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
P\u0159edlo\u017eky se 3. a 4. p\u00e1dem<\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
an<\/strong> - na (svisl\u00e1 plocha), u, k, ke<\/td>wo? - an der Wand (na zdi)
\nwohin? - an die Wand (na ze\u010f)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
auf<\/strong> - na (vodorovn\u00e1 plocha), po<\/td>wo? - auf dem Boden (na zemi)
\nwohin? - auf den Boden (na zem)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
hinter<\/strong> - za<\/td>wo? - hinter dem Haus (za domem)
\nwohin? - hinter das Haus (za d\u016fm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
in<\/strong> - v, ve, do, za<\/td>wo? - in der K\u00fcche (v kuchyni)
\nwohin? - in die K\u00fcche (do kuchyn\u011b)
\nin Prag (v Praze), in einer Stunde (za hodinu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
neben<\/strong> - vedle<\/td>wo? - neben dir (vedle tebe)
\nwohin? - neben dich (vedle tebe)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00fcber<\/strong> - nad<\/td>wo? - \u00fcber dem Tisch (nad stolem)
\nwohin? - \u00fcber den Tisch (nad st\u016fl)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
unter<\/strong> - pod, mezi (v\u00edce), za (ne m\u00edstn\u011b) <\/td>unter uns (mezi n\u00e1mi), unter vier Augen (mezi \u010dty\u0159ma o\u010dima), unter diesen Umst\u00e4nden (za t\u011bchto okolnost\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vor<\/strong> - p\u0159ed<\/td>wo? - vor dem Hotel (p\u0159ed hotelem)
\nwohin? - vor das Hotel (p\u0159ed hotel)
\nvor einer Stunde (p\u0159ed hodinou)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
zwischen<\/strong> - mezi (dv\u011bma)<\/td>wo? - zwischen dem Schrank und der Couch (mezi sk\u0159\u00edn\u00ed a pohovkou)
\nwohin? - zwischen den Schrank und die Couch (mezi sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148 a pohovku)
\nzwischen Prag und Wien (mezi Prahou a V\u00eddn\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
Dal\u0161\u00ed tvary slovesa (pro 1. osobu jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla):<\/th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
pr\u00e9teritum<\/td>ich hatte<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
perfektum<\/td>ich habe gehabt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
plusquamperfektum<\/td>ich hatte gehabt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
budouc\u00ed \u010das<\/td>ich werde haben<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t
Osoba<\/th>jednotn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo<\/th>mno\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1.<\/td>ich bin<\/td>wir sind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>du bist<\/td>ihr seid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>er, sie, es ist<\/td>sie, Sie sind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b. Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek, kter\u00fd v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee se v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m jazyce posunout zas o kousek d\u00e1l. U\u010dte se spole\u010dn\u011b s n\u00e1mi. U\u010dte se na SoGood.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1525,"featured_media":79615,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[321],"tags":[989],"yoast_head":"\nPodstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b - SoGood Languages<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Podstatn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b. Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek, kter\u00fd v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee se v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m jazyce posunout zas o kousek d\u00e1l. U\u010dte se spole\u010dn\u011b s n\u00e1mi. 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